1. 1950’s & The Start of the Cold War
Test Review
1950’s & The Start of the Cold War

2. Terms Superpowers United Nations Cold War
Nations with significant political and economic influence (following WWII: US & Soviet Union)
United Nations
Created after WWII to promote peace, security, and economic development between nations
Cold War
Conflict between the Soviet Union and the US following WWII, “War of Threats” no actual fighting/battles occur between these counties directly

3. Containment NATO WARSAW Pact
US policy following WWII to prevent the spread of communism, not destroy it where it already exists
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; US, Canada, 11 European countries allied against the spread of communism
WARSAW Pact
Communist alliance of the Soviet Union and her satellites, in response to NATO

4. Korean War Disarmament Sputnik
Communist North Korea attempt to take over Non-Communist South Korea; US intervenes due to containment policy & Truman Doctrine. Armistice line established.
Disarmament
Systematic removal of a countries weapons
Sputnik
Satellite launched by the Soviets in 1957, started off the “Space Race”

5. Suburbs Conformity Sitcoms
Housing communities outside of the urban centers, for middle income families
Conformity
Becoming similar/alike to those around you, fear of communism strengthened this idea in the 1950’s
Sitcoms
Television programs that showed the “ideal” families, morality, and conformist behaviors

6. Beat Generation Rock ‘N Roll
New style of dress and ideas; this was a rebellion against conformity
Rock ‘N Roll
New music that developed in the 1950’s, it became popular with the youth as a rebellion against conformity
Artists of Rock N Roll: Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, and Little Richard

7. People Harry Truman Douglas MacArthur
US President, supported containment & development of the Truman Doctrine
Douglas MacArthur
Commander of the Pacific, Ambassador of Japan, and fired by Truman because of opinions in Asia

8. People George Marshall Joseph McCarthy
Truman’s Secretary of State, created the economic recovery plan for Europe after World War II, Marshall Plan
Joseph McCarthy
US Senator who claimed to have names of Soviet spies, started a panic in the US

9. How did President Roosevelt’s and President Truman’s approach to war differ?
Roosevelt's focus was more on domestic affairs and economic improvement
Truman’s focus was more on foreign affairs and containment of communism
What is the significance of the division between East and West Germany? East and West Berlin?
It was an example of the US and Soviet Union, attempting to expand their influence after WWII

10. CONTAINMENT POLICY What is it? Impact on Soviet aggression
What is it?
Impact on Soviet aggression
Truman Doctrine
 American foreign policy that provided aid (troops) to Greece and Turkey
Marshall Plan
American foreign policy that provided aid (money) to help W. Europe’s weak economies
NATO
Group of countries united against communism
Berlin Airlift
The Allies plan to get supplies to West Berlin when the Soviets set up a road/railway blockade

11. CONTAINMENT POLICY What is it? Impact on Soviet aggression
What is it?
Impact on Soviet aggression
Truman Doctrine
 American foreign policy that provided aid (troops) to Greece and Turkey
 Stopped Soviet aggression in areas that were democracies
Marshall Plan
American foreign policy that provided aid (money) to help W. Europe’s weak economies
Stabilized Western Europe’s economies and strengthen them against communism
NATO
Group of countries united against communism
 Soviet’s felt threatened and created the WARSAW Pact, but no attacks ever occurred
Berlin Airlift
The Allies plan to get supplies to West Berlin when the Soviets set up a road/railway blockade
 Allies proved how far they would go to not go to war, but still win

12. What is it?
How would this intensify Cold War tensions?
Arms race
Competition between the US and Soviet Union to develop more advanced weapons
Space race
 Competition between the US and Soviet Union for space exploration
McCarthyism
 A campaign against alleged communists in the US government
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
Developed by the US to seek out any communist in the US; Loyalty checks
Venona papers
Released in 1997; proved Soviet spies, including Julius Rosenberg, were in the US working for the Soviets

13. What is it?
How would this intensify Cold War tensions?
Arms race
Competition between the US and Soviet Union to develop more advanced weapons
 Both sides have weapons that can cause a lot of damage
Space race
 Competition between the US and Soviet Union for space exploration
 Both sides are developing new technologies, fear of spies
McCarthyism
 A campaign against alleged communists in the US government
 People want to conform in fear of being accused of aligning with Communism
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
Developed by the US to seek out any communist in the US; Loyalty checks
 Americans’ rights are being violated during the loyalty checks
Venona papers
Released in 1997; proved Soviet spies, including Julius Rosenberg, were in the US working for the Soviets
 Proved we had a right to be suspicious during the Cold War

14. Prosperity- state of being successful
Causes
Effects
Baby Boom- The high birth rates that took place following WWII
GI Bill- Economic aid given to WWII veterans to either go to school or buy a house
Increased Consumption- people had money to purchase new consumer goods such as TVs, radios, etc.
Growth of Agriculture- new advancement in technology yielded more crops to sell
Growth of Business- successful businesses leads to more job opportunities

15. Test Review
1960’s & Vietnam

16. JFK Administration
John F. Kennedy – Elected in 1960, youngest president, new hope for US
New Frontier – Presidential policy to encourage American idealism
Bay of Pigs Invasion – 1961 Plan to overthrow Cuban leader Fidel Castro. Failure, embarrassment to Kennedy's foreign policy

17. Berlin Wall – 1961 Built to divide communist East Berlin from capitalist West Berlin
Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 Soviet nuclear missiles set up in Cuba aimed at US, closest world has been to nuclear war
JFK Assassination – November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald

18. How did Kennedy respond to the Cuban Missile Crisis?
How did the American people feel about the government in the early 1960’s?
Trusting, the government was referred to as “Camelot”
How did Kennedy respond to the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Naval blockade of Cuba & threatened to invade if missiles weren’t removed

19. LBJ Administration
Lyndon B. Johnson – Became president following JFK assassination, then reelected in 1964
Johnson’s Great Society – Presidential policy to improve life for all Americans, socially & economically
Affirmative Action – Required employers to actively hire minorities

20. War on Poverty – attempt to end poverty in the US, Economic Opportunity Act 1965 & Job Corps
Medicare Act of 1965 – expansion of Social Security to guarantee health care to people 65+
Aid to Cities – provided money for urban planning, slum clearance, & rental assistance

21. Barry Goldwater – Conservative Republican ran against LBJ in the 1964 election. Critical of Great Society, b/c it gave gov’t too much control
Immigration Act of 1965 – Gave equal immigration quotas to all countries, limits Latin American immigration for the 1st time

22. What caused this change?
How did the people’s attitude towards the government change by the late 1960’s?
Changed to distrust
What caused this change?
Media; government said one thing, but you saw something different on TV

23. 1960’s Culture
“British Invasion” – British bands coming to America and influencing American artists
Counterculture – Rebelling against society norms
Hippies – Left “mainstream” life to live on self-sufficient communes

24. What was the goal of the youth culture during the 1960’s?
The 26th Amendment – Due to the Vietnam War; Changed voting age from 21 to 18
What was the goal of the youth culture during the 1960’s?
Baby boomers rebelling against their parents and older generation. Peace and Love solves all problems.

25. Vietnam War Ho Chi Minh – Leader of communist North Vietnam
Vietcong – Guerilla forces in South Vietnam that supported Ho Chi Minh
Guerilla Warfare – “Hit-and-Run” style of warfare, American forces didn’t know how to fight against

26. Geneva Conference – Vietnam was divided into two states, and meant to be reunited after elections in 1956
Domino Theory – If one SE Asia country falls to communism they will all fall

27. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Passed after 2 US ships were attacked by N
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Passed after 2 US ships were attacked by N. Vietnamese, Congress gave President Johnson full military power to stop N. Vietnamese aggression. Used to escalate the war.
War Escalation – Increasing the war effort, started with LBJ

28. Agent Orange – Herbicide dropped over Vietnam to expose Vietcong hide outs
Napalm – Gasoline-based jelly that would burn out of control, caused great damage to Vietnam
Media – TV/newspaper: used to influence public opinion about the Vietnam war

29. The Tet Offensive – 1968; Vietcong launched massive attack on S
The Tet Offensive – 1968; Vietcong launched massive attack on S. Vietnam. Turning point: even though the US defeated the Vietcong (positive), it was a psychological victory for Vietcong (negative). US support for war decreased further.

30. Roy Benavidez – Congressional Medal of Honor winner for risking his life to save others
Hawks & Doves – Split among US people: Hawks = pro-war; Doves = Anti-war

31. Credibility Gap – Americans losing faith in the government, fueled by media
Anti-war Movement – beginning about 1965, young people started protests to end the war

32. What role did the media play in the Vietnam War?
The “living room” war, caused Americans to question the gov’t. What the gov’t said and what was seen on TV didn’t match.
How did people demonstrate/protest during the Anti-war movement?
Burned draft cards, held rallies, organized marches, staged demonstrations