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Question: Martin Luther wrote and posted the 95 Theses in (Think: SPRITE) Identify and explain ONE change in Europe after the 95 Theses Identify and explain ONE continuity in Europe after the 95 Theses Explain whether the 95 Theses created more changes or resulted in more continuities in Europe from
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Counter/Catholic Reformation
Church lost land and followers The Catholic Reformation’s exemplified by the Council of Trent and Jesuit Order Revived church but cemented the division within Christianity
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Goals of Counter Reformation
1. Reaffirm doctrine Council of Trent 2. Spread Catholicism Jesuits and other Orders 3. Counter heresy Baroque Art (icons didactic tool)
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1. Reaffirm Doctrine Good works Sola fida (faith alone)
Purgatory and indulgences 95 Theses Transubstantiation All 7 sacraments upheld Hierarchy of the priesthood Priesthood of all believers - attractive to many Role of church tradition and teaching Need priests to interpret scripture, need icons (attraction and teaching)
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2. Spread Catholicism How? New and reformed religious orders like the Ursuline order and… Ignatius of Loyola Former conquistador Wrote Spiritual Exercises ( ): guided steps of how to follow Christ Society of Jesus (1540):Organization of dedicated, disciplined priests known as Jesuits (“Soldiers of God”) Well educated (except science) Established schools using humanist curricula Pledged obedience to pope Goal: spread Catholicism Reconvert European Protestants (ex: United Provinces and England) Convert indigenous peoples of the Americas and Asia
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The Netherlands/Low Countries
Civil War between Catholics and Protestants Catholics: Southern provinces, power with landed nobility Protestants: Northern provinces (together called Union of Utrecht) power with commercial aristocracy
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Creation of United Provinces
Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) which will remain part of Spain United Provinces (Netherlands) gain independence from Spain in 1609
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3. Counter Heresy: If It Ain’t Baroque
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3. Counter Heresy: If It Ain’t Baroque
Iconoclasm = violence against images Icon = image, Clasm = violence Protestant destruction of Christian art N. Europe God’s creation = divine; man’s creation = idolatry
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Differences in Renaissance and Baroque Art
Technique Realism, idealism, perspective Distortion/movement, drama/emotion, illusion (involve viewer/closeness with subject, light, timing) Purpose Stability: return to greatness before “Dark Ages”, a whole new world (Renaissance) Catholics: stop heresy and revive the Catholic Church Protestants: art not for religious purposes, continue to depict everyday scenes (theme of instability)
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Principles of Mannerism
Distortion Drama Illusion
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El Greco Portrait of a Cardinal 1600
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El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1578-1580
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Renaissance v Baroque David
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The Crucifixion of Saint Peter by Carvaggio, 1601
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St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City Bernini
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Judith Slaying Holofernes Artemisia Gentileschi 1614–20 Oil on canvas
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Music New instruments: keyboard and string instruments
Opera in Italy drew on theater, painting, architecture, music, and dance Opulence, drama, emotion, intensity Baroque
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The Patrons Monarchies, city-states, and the church commissioned these works as a means of promoting their own stature and power
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Questions What has continued from Renaissance art? Church as patron
Religious and everyday subjects 2. What has changed from Renaissance art? New forms of art – music/theater = opera
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