1. Before History

2. Early Agricultural Society
Population explosion
10,000 BCE (pre-agriculture)= 4 million
5,000 BCE (early agriculture)= 5 million
3,000 BCE= 14 million
2,000 BCE= 27 million
1,000 BCE= 50 million
500 BCE= 100 million

3. Early Agricultural Society
Permanent villages near their fields
Jericho (Israel)- 8,000 BCE Pop. 2,000 people
Freshwater oasis
Wheat and barley
Hunted games
Traded salt and obsidian- hard volcanic glass to make knives and blades
Built wall and moat to protect settlement
Abundant food allows more free time to become specialized

4. Early Agricultural Society
Catal Huyuk (Turkey)- 7,250-5,400 BCE Pop. 5,000 people
Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone and metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beds, jewelry
Goods used to help agriculture or created from it

5. Three Early Craft Industries
1. Pottery
Needed to store surplus food
Appropriate for stationary communities
7,000 BCE- process to create pottery that could hold dry or liquid products
Glazes and designs emerge as artistic expression and functional

6. Three Early Craft Industries
2. Metalworking
Copper- first hammered, then heated, then melted
Jewelry
Decorations
Tools (knives, hoes, axes)
Weapons
Later worked with gold, bronze, iron, etc.

7. Three Early Craft Industries
3. Textile Production
Domestication and breeding of plants and animals creates new, workable fibers
Spin fibers into thread, then into cloth
Women gravitate towards textile work (at home nursing and watching small children)

8. Social Distinctions Emerge
Permanent settlements
Accumulation of wealth
Institutionalization of private land ownership
Consolidation of wealth, passed down to generations

10. Neolithic Culture
Applied science- observed the natural world and amassed knowledge from previous generations
Changing seasons
Weather predictions
Astronomy
Developed calendars
Emergence of religion

11. Neolithic Culture Neolithic Religion- celebrated agricultural rhythms
Fertility
Birth, growth, death, regeneration
Figurines, drawings, decorated tools, pots/vases
Venus-type figures
Cycle of life
Animals (Animism)
Female gods associated with fertility, life, growth, nourishment
Male gods associated with energy and virility in the creation of life
Death, decay, destruction, with regeneration

12. Origins of Cities Cities Dense populations Specialized labor
Complex social relations
Certain locations attract more people (rivers)
Larger and more complex than villages and towns
More intense specialization- professionals
Refine/invent technologies and processes
Raise quality and production
Emergence of governors, administrators, military leaders, and priests (maintain traditions and values)

13. Origins of Cities
Cities influence large regions politically, economically, and culturally
Marketplaces
Large scale trade with other cities over longer distances
Economic interdependency
Military and political control over land to ensure food production
Smaller settlements, schools, and temples between cities facilitate spread of good, ideas, and influence

14. Origins of Cities
Earliest cities in Iraq, along Tigris and Euphrates (4,000- 3,500 BCE)
Egypt, northern India, Northern China, central Mexico, central Andean Region
Grow out of agricultural villages and towns