1. Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Introduction to Chemistry
Chapter 3
Lesson 3 and 4

2. Objectives 1. Summarize the properties of metals.
2. Describe how metals are classified in the periodic table.
NGSS:
DCI-MS-PS1.A.2
Each pure substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it.

3. Recycling Metals Planet Diary
You can find metals in many items that you use every day, including cell phones, computers, appliances, and money.
In 2006, the supply of metal in the United States was more than 150 million metric tons. (One metric ton equals 1,000 kilograms.)
Many of these metals can be recycled.
Recycling helps conserve energy and reduces the amount of waste in landfills.
Communicate Beverage cans contain mostly aluminum. Estimate the percent of beverage cans that you recycle. What other objects that contain metal do you think can be recycled?

4. What Are the Properties of Metals?
The majority of the elements in the periodic table are metals, elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat.
The metals begin on the left side of the table and extend most of the way across.
The physical properties of metals include luster, malleability, ductility, and conductivity.

5. What Are the Properties of Metals?
A material that has a high luster is shiny and reflective.
A malleable material can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets.
A ductile material can be drawn into long wires.
Thermal conductivity is the ability of an object to transfer heat.
The ability of an object to carry electric current is electrical conductivity.
All of these are physical properties.

6. What Are the Properties of Metals?
The ease and speed with which an element reacts with other substances is called its reactivity.
Metals usually react by losing electrons.
The deterioration of a metal due to a chemical reaction in the environment is called corrosion.
Reactivity and corrosion are chemical properties.

7. What Are the Properties of Metals?
Did You Know? Don’t judge a coin by its coating! The U.S. penny, made of copper- plated zinc, is just 2.5 percent copper by mass. The U.S. nickel is actually 75 percent copper, and the dime and quarter contain about 92 percent copper.

8. How Are Metals Classified?
In the periodic table, metals are classified as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, metals in mixed groups, lanthanides, and actinides.
The metals in Group 1 are the alkali metals.
They are the most reactive metals in the periodic table.
They are never found uncombined in nature because they are so reactive.
They have low densities and low melting points.
Group 2 metals are the alkaline earth metals.
They are harder, denser, and melt at higher temperatures than the alkali metals.
They are also highly reactive, but not as much so as the alkali metals.

9. How Are Metals Classified?
The transition metals are the metals in Groups 3 through 12.
Most of these metals are hard and shiny solids with high melting points and high densities.
They are less reactive than the Group 1 and 2 metals.
Some of the elements in Groups 13 through 16 are metals.
The two rows of elements placed below the main part of the periodic table are the lanthanide and actinide metals.
Transuranium elements are those that follow uranium and are sometimes called synthetic elements.
Luster and Tarnish Apply It!

10. Melting Points
Properties of elements in a single group in the periodic table often change according to a certain pattern.
The graph shows the melting points of the Group 1 elements, or the alkali metals.

12. Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Introduction to Chemistry
Chapter 3
Lesson 4

13. Something in the Air Planet Diary
A common misconception is that the air in the atmosphere is mostly oxygen.  
Fact:
At sea level, air is actually only about 21 percent oxygen by volume.
Nitrogen makes up about 78 percent of the atmosphere.
The remaining one percent is made up of several gases, including argon and carbon dioxide.
Evidence:
Oxygen is actually toxic at high concentrations.
If you breathed in pure oxygen, you would eventually get very sick.

14. What Are the Properties of Nonmetals?
A nonmetal is an element that lacks most of the properties of a metal.
With the exception of hydrogen, nonmetals are found on the right side of the periodic table.
Compared to metals, nonmetals have a much wider variety of properties.
However, they do have several properties in common.

15. What Are the Properties of Nonmetals?
In general, most nonmetals are poor conductors of electric current and heat.
Solid nonmetals tend to be dull and brittle.
Also, nonmetals usually have lower densities than metals.
In terms of chemical properties, atoms of nonmetals usually gain or share electrons when they react with other atoms.

16. What Are the Families Containing Nonmetals?
There are nonmetals in Group 1 and in Groups 14–18.
The families containing nonmetals include the carbon family, the nitrogen family, the oxygen family, the halogen family, the noble gases, and hydrogen.
In Group 14, only carbon is a nonmetal.
The nitrogen family contains two nonmetals— nitrogen and phosphorus.
In nature, nitrogen is found as a diatomic molecule, or a molecule consisting of two of the same atoms bonded together.
The oxygen family contains three nonmetals—oxygen, sulfur, and selenium.

17. What Are the Families Containing Nonmetals?
The halogens are the Group 17 nonmetals fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
All of the halogens are very reactive; fluorine is the most reactive of all the elements.
The noble gases are the elements in Group 18.
They are usually nonreactive.
The chemical properties of hydrogen are very different from those of the other elements, so it cannot be grouped with any family.

18. What Are the Families Containing Nonmetals?
Elements that have some properties of metals and some of nonmetals are called metalloids.
All metalloids are solid at room temperature, and are brittle, hard, and somewhat reactive.
Metalloids such as silicon, germanium, and arsenic are used to make semiconductors, which are substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not under others.
Properties of Metals and Nonmetals Apply It!