1. Economics and Policies and the environment
Presentation Subtitle

2. Natural, human, financial, manufactured resources

3. Natural resources
Goods and services produced naturally by the earth

4. Human and financial resources
Human resources
Human efforts that provide labor, new ideas, culture, and organization
Financial resources
Cash and investments used to provide goods and services.

5. Manufactured resources
Humans make these resources from natural resources, like tools, machinery, transportation.

6. Pure command vs pure free market system
Government makes all decisions about goods and services produced.
Pure free-market:
only a theory
no government interference
based on competition

7. Unsustainable economic growth vs
Unsustainable economic growth vs. environmentally sustainable development
Unsustainable economic growth:
earth’s natural resources are important, but not vital because we can find substitutes for resources
depletion of natural resources will not limit economic growth
Environmentally sustainable development:
increase quality of goods and services without damaging natural resources
recycling
preserve biodiversity
stabilize population growth
tax pollution and waste instead of income and wealth

8. Conventional economists vs. ecological economists
Economics is separate from natural resources
Natural resources are not vital to economics because substitutes can be found for scarce resources
Humans will think of something. Using all natural resources won’t limit economic growth.
Ecological:
economics and environment are directly related
earth’s resources are vital for supporting all life and economic systems
conventional economics is unsustainable
integrate ecology with economics

9. Appropriate technology
humans doing the work instead of computers
small machines that are easy to understand and repair
use local, renewable resources
factories use materials efficiently and produce very little pollution
Examples: passive solar heating
wind turbines
solar panels
electric vehicles
wastewater gardens
drip irrigation
compost

10. GNI and GDP are not useful
GNI = gross national income GDP = gross domestic product
hide harmful environmental and social effects of making “stuff”
pollution, crime, sickness, death considered positive gains in GDP and GNI
using natural resources is good for the economy, but wipes out wetlands, wildlife, forests
GNI and GDP do not consider volunteering, child care from family members, growing our own food, cooking, cleaning, and repairs we do ourselves
Only measure money spent, not value received
tells nothing about harmful effects of economic growth (pollution, landfills)

11. Internal and external costs
paid for by the consumer/buyer of goods and services
include cost of labor, factory, marketing, shipping, and profit
Examples???
External costs:
unexpected costs due to goods and services that pop up later
Examples???

12. Full-cost pricing
Including all internal and possible external costs in the price of goods and services
Full-cost pricing is not usually used. Why? (6 reasons) page 700

13. Optimum level of pollution
How can cost of pollution be figured?
Mitigation
Willingness to pay
Maintenance and protection costs
What’s that??? (page 701)
Write down definitions and discuss

14. Direct, indirect, and repercussion costs
What’s that??? (page ) Write down definitions and discuss.

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17. xx%
Use this slide to show a major stat. It can help enforce the presentation’s main message or argument.

18. A one-line description of it
Final point
A one-line description of it

19. “This is a super-important quote”
- From an expert

20. This is the most important takeaway that everyone has to remember.

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