1. Physique & Physical Traits
Bergmann’s Rule-people in warmer climates tend to be more slender-people in cooler climates tend to be more squat- this also applies to animals
Heads-cephalic index-ratio of width & length of skull- Europeans—long heads, Japanese—round heads.
Noses-warm, moist climates— short,wide, flat noses; Low latitudes deserts, high latitude dry zones—long narrow noses
Top-a young Chinese girl in Shanghai
Bottom-Italian mother & children from Palermo, Sicily Piera-30, Murizizio 2, Pietro 9

2. Physique & Physical Traits
Hair- general tendency; Asians—straight hair; Europeans—curly hair, African—wooly hair.
Eyes-epicanthic folds-small piece of overlapping skin that give the eyelid a distinctive appearance-the fold is present in East Asians, South African San people and Native Americans
Haida boy-Northwest coast Native American

3. Race as a Social Category
Race is more difficult to use as a social category due to increased mixing of races.
In Africa-darkness of pigmentation is still the basis of “racial” divisions, to some degree in India-Aryan, Dravidian.
Racism-a belief that your race is superior to others-
Apartheid in South Africa ended in the 1990s
Racial Segregation in the US now banned-but still de facto
Picture at the bottom-South Africa during apatheid
Chicago and Washington, DC remain remarkably segregated today despite attempts to desegrate.

4. On Racism and Colonialism -
“Colonial racism was a major element in that conception of ‘Empire’ which attempted to weld dynastic legitimacy and national community. It did so by generalizing a principle of innate, inherited superiority on which its own domestic position was (however shakily) based on the vastness of overseas possessions, covertly (or not so covertly) conveying the idea that if, say, English lords were naturally superior to other Englishmen, no matter: these other Englishmen were no less superior to the subjected natives.” - Benedict Anderson
Aborigines in Darwin, Australia

5. Racial Categories are typically imposed on people through:
Residential segregation-(Milwaukee, Detroit)
Racialized divisions of labor
Racial categories defined by governments
Overall residential segregation on the decline, however in the 220 urban areas it has increased
For blacks the most racially segregated city is Milwaukee, followed by Detroit. The least racially segregated area for blacks was Orange County, California

6. Population in the U. S. by Race, 2000 In 2000, the U. S
Population in the U.S. by Race, 2000 In 2000, the U.S. Census Bureau allowed Americans to categorize themselves as one race or more than one race.

7. Estimated Percentage of U. S
Estimated Percentage of U.S. Population by Race and Ethnicity until In 2000, the U.S. Census Bureau calculated race and Hispanic origin separately. Estimates are that by 2050, the “White, non-Hispanic population will no longer be the majority.

8. Residential Segregation
The “degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment.”
Massey and Denton
Chicago’s Robert Taylor Homes-now being torn down

9. Highest Rate of Residential Segregation for African Americans:
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

10. Lowest Rate of Residential Segregation for Hispanics/Latinos: Baltimore for Asians/Pacific Islanders: Baltimore, Maryland

11. Invasion and Succession:
Identities in Neighborhoods change over time:
The Santo Domingo enclave of Washington Heights, New York
The Domincan flag waves from a flagpost-the language of the street & signs are all in Spanish.
Juan Pablo Duarte Boulevard bustles with customers.
Invasion and Succession:
new immigrants to a city often move to areas occupied by older immigrant groups.

12. Sense of Place
We infuse places with meaning and feeling, with memories and emotions.
Our sense of place becomes part of our identity and our identity affects the ways we define and experience place.

13. Ethnicity
Ethnicity –
a constructed identity that is tied to a place … it is often considered “natural” because it implies ancient relations among people over time.

14. Ethnic Patterns & Processes
Ethnicity is NOT the same as race, but it is as important.
It is culture, NOT race, that dominates the world’s patterns today
Ethnicity is more difficult to define
Shared cultural traits
Common history
Treasured cultural landscapes
Perceived threat to language or religion
Quechuan woman at a sacred Incan site

15. Ethnic Mosaics “Welcome to Little Havana”
Ethnic comes from the Greek word for people or nation “ethnos”
Ethnic often used to describe a neighborhood or a cuisine.
Ethnic enclaves are common in urban areas; “China Town,” “Little Italy,” or “Little Mexico.”
Racial or ethnic identity often a matter of self perception.
Examples:
Slovenia became independent from Yugoslavia in 1991-justified it on “race”, the right to control its own domain.
Northern Ireland-no racial distinction-2 ethnic groups with religion as the ethnic glue-Protestant versus Catholic.
Belgium-a linguistic difference-Walloons versus Flemish
Apartheid of South Africa homelands based on ethnic groups
Popular American culture often erodes the ethnic neighborhood cohesiveness-e.g. Little Havana-old values such as family ties and church are eroded by the acculturation of the young-yet acculturation NOT resulting in rapid assimilation.
“Welcome to
Little Havana”

16. Ethnicities in Chicago
Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

17. Cultural Revival & Linkage
Ethnic dispersal takes place-yet links to the old neighborhood or homeland remain. This linkage is aided by modern media & communication.
African-Americans demonstrated against South African apartheid.
Irish-Americans sent money to support the I.R.A. in its struggle against Britain.

18. Hispanic Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

19. African Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

20. Native Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

21. How does a place change when the people who live there change?

22. Sexuality and Space
Where people with a shared identity cluster, how do they create a space for themselves?

23. Power Relationships Power Relationships
assumptions and structures about who is in control, who has power over others.
Through power relationships, people create places where they limit the access of other peoples
Belfast, Northern Ireland

24. How do Power Relationships factor into How People are Counted?
The U.S. Census undercounts:
- minority populations
- the homeless
The Gross National Income (GNI)
does not count:
- unpaid work of women in the household
- work done by rural women in poorer countries

25. Ethnic Groups in Los Angeles
Barrioization – when the population of a neighborhood changes over largely to Hispanics.
cultural landscapes change to reflect changing populations
strife is usually tied to economic change