1. Risk governance of emerging contaminants in drinking water and its resources
Comparing practices in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the State of Minnesota
Julia Hartmann

2. Social and technical trends result in the detection of more contaminants in drinking water resources
Quality of drinking water resources
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

3. How do we define emerging contaminants?
Introduction
How do we define emerging contaminants?
Chemical substance (e.g. ionic liquids) or microorgranism (e.g. AMR)
New or increased threat to public health via exposure to drinking water
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

4. Real Expected Perceived Threat might be…
New evidence on hazard + exposure
Expected
New evidence on hazard OR exposure
Perceived
Public concern,
no immediate threat
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

5. Introduction
Chemicals in drinking water are often perceived as threats to public health.
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

6. Introduction
Much scientific research has been done on emerging contaminants in drinking water (resources)
Studied topics include:
Identification through screening efforts
Toxicological potential
Improving analytical techniques
Risk management
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

7. Introduction
We don’t know enough about how science contributes to policy on emerging contaminants ?
Science
Water policy
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

8. Objective
What are the areas for improvement in current policy approaches and how can science contribute?
Make recommendations for future research
Identify areas for improvement
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

9. Which policy approaches did we include?
Analytical approach
Which policy approaches did we include?
Netherlands, Germany & Switzerland
Minnesota (USA)
To examine transboundary differences in the Rhine river catchment area
Presence of policy program for the assessment of ECs in drinking water (MDH CEC program)
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

10. The IRGC risk governance framework was used as a normative concept
Analytical approach
The IRGC risk governance framework was used as a normative concept
Pre-assessment
Identification of contaminant
Risk appraisal
Hazard assessment
Exposure assessment
Concern assessment
(Risk) communication
Risk acceptance
Judgement of seriousness
Judging tolerability & acceptability
Risk management
Measures to decrease or remove the threat
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

11. Why did we use the IRGC risk governance framework?
Analytical approach
Why did we use the IRGC risk governance framework?
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

12. Incidence of PFOA in drinking water resources was used as a case study
Analytical approach
Incidence of PFOA in drinking water resources was used as a case study
Manmade chemical
Perfluorooctanoic acid
Used in teflon and paints
Persistent in the aquatic environment
Adverse human health effects
e.g. on the reproductive system
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

13. Identified areas for improvement
Results & conclusions
Identified areas for improvement
Including the public into the risk governance process
Timely identification of emerging contaminants
Improving risk communication
Why are these important areas for improvement?
How can science contribute?
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

14. Stakeholder involvement can be improved: involving the public?
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

15. Why is timely identification important?
Results & conclusions
Why is timely identification important?
Enables timely risk management options
2. Positive effect on risk communication
3. Allows for inclusion of other factors next to public health in deliberating the need for risk remediation measures
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

16. Timely identification of emerging contaminants enables broader risk evaluation
FUTURE??
NOW
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

17. How can science contribute?
Take home messages
How can science contribute?
Timely identification
Define criteria for Persistent, Mobile and Toxic chemicals
Develop systematic approaches for media monitoring
Risk communication
How to communicate in cases of limited knowledge on toxicity
Public participation in risk governance
Analyze possibility and benefit
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

18. References
Arp, H. P. H., Brown, T. N., Berger, U., & Hale, S. E. (2017). Ranking REACH registered neutral, ionizable and ionic organic chemicals based on their aquatic persistency and mobility. Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts, 19(7), doi: /c7em00158d Naidu, R., Arias Espana, V. A., Liu, Y., & Jit, J. (2016). Emerging contaminants in the environment: Risk-based analysis for better management. Chemosphere, 154, doi: /j.chemosphere Naidu, R., Jit, J., Kennedy, B., & Arias, V. (2016). Emerging contaminant uncertainties and policy: The chicken or the egg conundrum. Chemosphere, 154, doi: Richardson, S. D., & Kimura, S. Y. (2016). Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Analytical Chemistry, 88(1), doi: /acs.analchem.5b04493 Semenza, J. C., Rocklöv, J., Penttinen, P., & Lindgren, E. (2016). Observed and projected drivers of emerging infectious diseases in Europe. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1382(1), Tobias, R. (2016). Communication About Micropollutants in Drinking Water: Effects of the Presentation and Psychological Processes. Risk Analysis, 36(10), doi: /risa.12485
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

19. Thank you! Questions? +31 30 274 2913 julia.hartmann@rivm.nl
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

20. Risk communication: German case study
Results & conclusions
Risk communication: German case study
- Pollution was
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

21. Timeline of PFOA in drinking water resources
Analytical approach
Timeline of PFOA in drinking water resources
1979
Evidence for carcinogenicity of PFOA in rats
2008
EPA published guideline value drinking water
2006
CASE GERMANY
2011
CASE SWITZERLAND
2015
CASE THE NETHERLANDS
2016
CASE MINNESOTA
Changing Interpretation of Human Health Risks from Perfluorinated Compounds
Philippe Grandjean, MD, DMSca,b and Richard Clapp, DSc, MPHb,c
CASES
Grandjean P, Clapp R. Changing Interpretation of Human Health Risks from Perfluorinated Compounds. Public Health Reports. 2014;129(6):
Emerging contaminants in drinking water |

22. Emerging contaminants in drinking water | 18-10-2017