1. Infection Control
Bell Ringer 9 ~ What do you think is meant by the term “infection control”? How is this accomplished in health care?
Remember to head your paper correctly.
Be Prepared to take notes!

2. Unit 17 Infection Control

3. I. Understanding the Principles of Infection Control
Understanding is essential to all health care workers
Provides a basic knowledge of how disease is transmitted
Main emphasis on prevention of disease transmission.

4. II. Microorganisms or Microbes
Small living organisms
Not visible to the naked eye
Microscope must be used to see them
Found everywhere in the environment
Found on and in the human body
Many are part of normal flora of body
May be beneficial

5. Microorganisms or Microbes (continued)
Called nonpathogens when not harmful to the body
Some cause infections and disease
Called pathogens (germs) when able to harm the body
Sometimes nonpathogenic microorganisms can become pathogenic

6. A. Growth of Microorganisms
Most prefer warm environments
Most prefer darkness
Need source of food and moisture
Need for oxygen varies
Aerobic (requires O2)
Anaerobic (Does not require O2)
Human body is ideal supplier of all the requirements

7. B. Microbe Classifications
Viruses
Rickettsiae
Fungi
Protozoa
Bacteria

8. 1. Viruses Smallest microorganisms Use electron microscope to see
Must be inside another living cell to reproduce
Spread by blood and body secretions
Very difficult to kill
Cause many diseases

9. a. Hepatitis B Virus Transmitted by blood serum & body secretions
Affects the liver
Vaccine available for protection
Vaccine is expensive
Series of three injections
Can survive a month in dried blood

10. b. Hepatitis C Virus
Transmitted by blood and blood-containing body fluids
Many infected individuals are asymptomatic
Can cause severe liver damage
Currently, no vaccine ready for use
Can survive several days in dried blood

11. c. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV )
Suppresses the immune system
Individual becomes susceptible to cancers and infections that would not affect a healthy person
No cure presently and no vaccine
Important to take precautions to prevent

12. 2. Rickettsiae Parasitic microorganisms
Cannot live outside the cells of another living organism
Transmitted to humans by the bites of insects, vector (e.g., fleas, lice, ticks, mites)
Antibiotics are effective against many of them

13. 3. Fungi Simple, plant-like organisms Live on dead organic matter
Yeast and molds
Can be pathogenic
Antibiotics do not kill
Antifungal medications

14. 4. Protozoa One-celled, animal-like organism
Found in decayed materials and contaminated water
May have flagella for movement
Some are pathogenic

15. Bacteria Simple, one-celled organisms Multiply rapidly
Classified by shape and arrangement
Cocci
Bacilli
Spirrilla

16. Antibiotics Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria
Some strains of bacteria have become antibiotic-resistant
When antibiotic-resistant, the antibiotic is no longer effective against the bacteria

17. C. How Pathogens Cause Infection and Disease
Some produce poisons called toxins
Some cause an allergic reaction
Others attach and destroy the living cells they invade

18. Endogenous Exogenous Nosocomial Opportunistic
Originates within the body
Exogenous
Originates outside the body
Nosocomial
Acquired in a health care facility
Opportunistic
Infections that occur when the body’s defenses are down

19. III. Chain of Infection
Must be present for disease to occur and spread from one individual to another
Causative agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host

20. STOP Chain of Infection Get a book, turn to page 493.
Draw the chain of Infection
There are six links to the chain of
infection.

21. Infection Control Bell Ringer #10 ~ Define the following terms:
Asepsis
Contaminated
Antisepsis
Disinfection
Sterilization
Mucus Membrane

22. So how do we stay SAFE? Asepsis Process of getting rid of pathogens
Major way to break the chain of infection
Common Aseptic Techniques
Hand washing
Good personal hygiene
Disposable gloves
Proper cleaning of instruments and equipment
Thorough cleaning of environment

23. Levels of Aseptic Control
Antisepsis
Can usually be used on the skin
Examples: alcohol and betadine
Disinfection
Chemical disinfectants are used
Can irritate or damage the skin, so mainly used on objects, not people
Examples: bleach solutions and zephirin
Sterilization
Destroys all microorganisms
Steam under pressure, gas, radiation, and chemicals
Autoclave is the most common equipment used

24. C. Washing Hands Major aspect of standard precautions
Most important aseptic technique
Hands are perfect media for the spread of pathogens
Purpose
Prevent and control spread of pathogens
Protect the health care worker and patients from disease and illness

25. Wash Hands (continued)
When do you wash your hands?
When arrive to and leaving facility
Before and after every patient contact
Anytime the hands become contaminated
Before and after applying gloves
After you cough, sneeze, or use a tissue
Before and after any contact with your mouth, eating, drinking, smoking, applying lip balm, or removing or inserting contacts.

26. Steps to Hand Washing Review the steps on the handout provided.
Equipment and Supplies:
Paper Towels, Running Water, Waste container, hand brush or cuticle stick, soap.
Procedure
Stand back from sink. Avoid touching the inside of your sink.
Remove Jewelry.
Dispense paper towel.
Turn the faucet on the faucet. Regulate the temperature of the water.
Let water flow over your hands with your fingers pointed down, wet hands completely.
Use soap to get a lather on your hands
Put the palms of your hands together and rub them using friction and a circular motion for approximately 10 – 15 seconds.
Put the palm of one hand on the back of the other hand. Rub them together several times. Reverse hands and repeat.
Interlace the fingers on both hands and rub them back and forth.
Clean the nails on the palm of the hand.
Make sure all parts of hands have been cleaned approximately 2 inches above wrist.
Rinse your hands, keeping your fingers down, 2 inches above wrist.
Use a clean paper towel to dry hands thoroughly, from tips of fingers to wrist.
Use paper towel to turn off faucet.
Discard the towel in the waste container.

27. Why are these steps important?
Equipment and Supplies:
Paper Towels
Why? _______________________________________________________
Soap
Why?_______________________________________________
Note: _______________________________________________
Procedure
Stand back from sink.
Dispense paper towel
Why? ______________________________________________
Pathogens travel quickly thru towels that have been sitting.
Helps remove pathogens by its sudsy action.
Liquid Soap is better than bar soap, because bar soap can contain microorganisms.
so you do not contaminate your clothing
Avoid touching the inside of your sink, since it is considered contaminated.
so you do not have to touch contaminated handle.

28. Turn the faucet on the faucet. Use warm water.
Why? _____________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Let water flow over your hands with your fingers pointed down, wet hands completely.
Why?_____________________________________________
Lather on your hands
Friction
Use paper towel to turn off faucet.
Less damaging to the skin than hot water.
Creates better lather with soap, rather than cold water.
Prevents pathogens from running down your arm and then back to your hands.
Pathogens are trapped in the soap and washed away.
Helps rub pathogens off.
Prevents contamination of hands.

29. Project

30. Discuss 3 ways that you feel hospital personnel control the spread of infection. Why does infection still occur?

31. Does Hand Sanitizer Work?
Sorta…
Used if hands are not contaminated with blood or body fluids
After six to ten cleanings hands need to be washed with soap and water

32. V. Standard Precautions
Rules developed by the CDC
Every body fluid must be considered potential source of infection
All patients must be considered potential source of infection

33. A. When to Use Standard Precautions?
Any situation where you might come in contact with
Blood or any fluid that contains blood
Body fluids, secretions, and excretions
Mucous membranes
Nonintact skin
Tissue or cell specimens
Mandated by OSHA that all employers must provided employees with PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

34. 1. Gloves Gloves must be changed after contact with each patient
When removing gloves, do not contaminate your skin
Hands must be washed immediately after removal of gloves
Gloves must not be reused
Where gloves when you come in contact with anything that is contaminated with body fluids, secretions, or excretions.

35. 2. Gowns Worn during procedures that may cause splashing or spraying
Helps prevent contamination of clothing or uniforms

36. 3. Masks Worn during procedures that may cause splashing or spraying
Masks are used once and discarded – change every 30 minutes following correct procedure and immediate handwashing

37. 4. Protective Eyewear or Face Shields
Protective eyewear and face shields protect front, top, bottom, and sides of eyes
If not disposable, must be cleaned and disinfected before reuse

38. 5. Sharp Objects Use extreme caution to avoid cuts or punctures
When possible, use safe needles or needleless system
Use sharps containers

39. 6. Spills and Splashes Wipe up immediately Wear gloves
Use disposable cleaning clothes
Use disinfectant with 10% bleach solution

40. 7. Waste and Soiled Linen
Wear gloves
Use biohazard bags appropriately

41. VI. Isolation Precautions
Some diseases are communicable – Can easily be transmitted from one person or thing to another.
Isolation precautions are considered a Standard Precaution and must be implemented by all health care facilities.
Type used depends on the causative organism of the disease

42. A. Classifications of Isolation Precautions
4 Types
Airborne precautions
Droplet precautions
Contact precautions
Reverse Isolation

43. 1. Airborne Precautions
Is used for contagious diseases that are airborne or may attach to dust particles.
Tuberculosis (TB) Rubella (measles)
Varicella (Chicken Pox) Shingles
The patient must be placed in a private room, and the door must be kept closed at all times.
Patient must be in a negative pressure room.
Anyone entering the room must wear a special mask that must be fitted and tested on every employee.
Patient must wear a mask if leaving the room.

44. 2. Droplet Precautions
Used for diseases that can be transmitted by large particle droplets.
Multi drug resistant streptococcus
Pertussis
viral influenza
Patient should be in a private room
Mask must be worn when working within three feet of patient.
If patient must be transported then patient should be required to wear mask.

45. 3. Contact Precautions
Must be followed by anyone suspected or known of having a disease that can spread from person to person.
Gastrointestinal illness,
Multi drug resistant microorganisms on skin or in wounds
Hepatitis A
High contagious skin infections – Herpes, impetigo, lice, scabies, and staph infections.
Patient should be in a private room.
Gloves must be worn when entering the room.
Change gloves after contact with infectious area or material.
Remove gloves when leaving room. Wash hands after leaving room.

46. 4. Protective or Reverse Isolation
Method used to protect certain patients from organisms
Used mainly for immunocompromised patients
Precautions vary depending on patient’s condition
Wear mask gloves and gown
May prohibit fresh fruit, flowers and anything that can not be disinfected before entering the room.

47. Bell work: What do you think would happen if there was a community outbreak of a disease? How would people respond?

48. Bell Ringer #14: Are you prepared to handle a disease outbreak
Bell Ringer #14: Are you prepared to handle a disease outbreak? What do you think you would do?