1. THE BARCELONA SOLAR ORDINANCE A case study about how the impossible became reality
Josep Puig i Boix
Former Sustainable City Councillor of Barcelona
EUROSOLAR Spain
Johannesburg, Aug.-Sept., 2002
17/09/2018

2. The city of Barcelona Municipal surface: 99.07 km2 buildings 55.89%
roads %
green spaces %
forests %
Inhabitants: 1,505,581 (15,197 inh/km2)
Metropolitan area: 3,000,000 inhabitants

3. Barcelona Energy Flow

4. Minimum Domestic Energy Services Barcelona (1)
Barcelona population (1997): 1,505,581
W/cap GWh/year
End-Use conventional ,638
Technologies efficient
real (1998) ,348
(only domestic sector, not including service sector nor industry)

5. Minimum Domestic Energy Services Barcelona (2)
Supply Technology - conventional
TPP/CCGT - NukPP
End-Use conventional MW
Technology efficient MW real (1998) MW
(CF= 0.8)

6. Barcelona Renewable Energy Flow

7. Minimum Domestic Energy Services Barcelona (3)
Supply Technology - RES
clean & renewable energies
energy capacity surface capacity surface
GWh MWSEGS km2 MWWECS km2
E-U conv. 2, ,
Tech. effic
real(1998) 1,
SEGS (CF: 0.35; LU: 1.93 Ha/MW) - WECS (CF: 0.25; LU: 1 Ha/MW)

8. Barcelona: producing all the electricity consumed with Sun and Wind
Electricity SEGS(th) WECS
consumed Capac. Surf. Capac. Surf.
GWh MW km2 MW km2
Total 5, , ,
Domestic 1,
Com/ind. 3, , ,
Transport
SEGS (CF: 0.35; LU: 1.93 Ha/MW) - WECS (CF: 0.25; LU: 1 Ha/MW)

9. Barcelona: producing all the electricity consumed with Sun (1)
Electricity SEGS(th) SEGS(PV)
consumed Capac. Surf. Capac. Surf.
GWh MW km2 MW km2
Total 5, , ,
Domestic 1,
Com/ind 3, , ,
Transport
SEGSth (CF: 0.35; LU: 1.93 Ha/MW) - SEGSPV (EF: 0.15; LU: 1 Ha/MW)

10. Barcelona: producing all the electricity consumed with Sun (2)
Electricity SEGSPV
consumed Capac. Surf.
GWh MW km2 m2/inh m2/aprt.
Total 5, ,
Domestic 1,
Com/ind. 3, ,
Transport
SEGSPV (EF: 0.15; LU: 1 Ha/MW)

11. Barcelona: Heating Water with the Sun
Energy Consumption for Domestic Hot Water:
Natural Gas: GWh/year
Electricity: GWh/year
Total GWh/year
Total area needed: km2 (city: 100 km2)
Total area per person: m2
Total area per apartment: 2.3 m2
Total area per building: m2

12. Realising the Renewable Energy Potential
Three conditions:
political will: political commitment
technical ability: committed & skilled technicians
people’s involvement: public participation
PARTNERSHIP

13. Realising the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (1)
Barcelona, June May 1999:
A committed group of people worked hard to open the door to the Energy Sustainability into the city
An interesting set of circumstances came together to make it happen:
municipality
RE Companies
RE NGOs

14. Realising the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (2)
Municipality
As a result of the 1995 municipal elections the city government adopted sustainability as a issue.
April 22nd., 1998: the Plenary Session of the City Council adopted a political decision on Energy Sustainability, including:
promotion of energy efficiency,
use of renewable energies,
information to the citizens,
cooperation with other local energy actors.

15. Realising the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (3)
To implement policies the municipality made use of two key instruments:
the Civic Table on Energy (‘Taula Cívica de l’Energia’)
the Local Energy Agency (‘BarnaGEL - Barcelona Grup de Energia Local’).

16. Realising the EE Potential: the case of Barcelona (4)
The Civic Table on Energy (municipal body)
created in 1994 as a result of a public hearing on environment and energy
involves local officials/staff from different departments of the city council with a local representative of a NGO energy platform Barcelona Saves Energy (‘Barcelona Estalvia Energia - BEE’)
main objective: to build complicities on energy from all people in different departments of the city council.

17. Realising the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (5)
The local Energy Agency BarnaGEL(independent)
EU-PERU (now SAVE) project, 1994
Main proposers: Leicester City Council and Metropolitan Area of Barcelona
Other local Partners: Ecoserveis (local NGO on energy & environment), ICAEN (Regional Energy Agency of Catalonia) and UAB (Autonomous University of Barcelona)
Main objective: to build complicities between local actors in order to develop energy projects

18. Realising the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (6)
The results of the work ( )
an EE&RE demo caravan
the Sustainable City Resources Centre
doubling the solar the collector area
solar thermal: from 700 to 1,350 m2
29 times more solar PV collector area
solar PV: from 80 to 2,400 m2
the Solar Law (Solar Ordinance)

19. Realising the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (7)
The solar/wind/efficient caravan:
Equipment being used in Barcelona city and around Barcelona province’s villages and cities to show in real operation how a house could run with renewables and energy efficient appliances 35

20. Realising the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (8)
The Sustainable City Resources Centre:
A municipal fixed facility equipped with a permanent exhibition with energy efficient devices and appliances and renewable energy devices. It’s open to the public, free of charge, since May 1999. 35

21. Realising the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (9)
Solar Thermal Water Systems in all the existing municipal sports facilities.
Two first installations completed:
Poliesportiu Torrent de Melis (74 m2 of solar collectors)
Piscina Bon Pastor (80 m2 of solar collectors).

22. Realising the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (10)
A PV Solar Roof at the two main buildings of the City Hall
EC Thermie Project
1,000 m2, 100 kWp

23. Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (11)
Biogas valorisation from organic fraction of wastes
Garraf Landfill
3 Methanisation Plants (75,000 tn each):
the first one now in operation
two more in construction

24. Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (12)
The Solar Law or the Barcelona Ordinance on Application of Solar Thermal Energy Systems into the Buildings
The Law enforces all the new buildings to be built in Barcelona (and all the integrally retrofitted buildings) to have Solar Thermal Water Systems to cover 60 % of sanitary water heating needs.
Adopted by the Plenary Session of the Council (July 1999)
Mandatory since 1st August 2000.

25. Barcelona Solar Ordinance
In 1995, as a city councillor, I asked the question:
Why the solar energy was not widely used in Barcelona ?
We have the resource: Sun
We have needs: heating sanitary water
We have surface available in the city

26. Barcelona Solar Ordinance: The Resource
The Sun in Barcelona
Sunshine hours: 2,351 hours/year
Solar radiation: MJ/m².day
1,470.1 kWh/m².year
The surface of Barcelona municipality receives
PJ/year = TWh/year
10 times the energy consumption of the city
28 times the electricity consumption of the city

27. Barcelona Solar Ordinance: The Needs
The families living in Barcelona use for heating sanitary water:
- natural gas: 558,139,535 kWh/year
- electricity: 407,942,893 kWh/year
The result:
200,000 T CO2/year
3.8 * 1012 Bq of radioactivity/year
1,400 kg/year of radioactive wastes

28. Barcelona Solar Ordinance: The Available Surface
The buildings in Barcelona
mainly have roofs or flat terraces on top
have between 14 m2 and 43 m2 of roof/terrace per apartment

29. Barcelona Solar Ordinance (5): The Needed Surface
To heat by the Sun all the domestic sanitary water the city uses, it will be necessary to cover
1.61 km2 of surface
1.62 % of municipal surface or
2.82 % of built surface
It represents 1.07 m2/inhabitant
2.4 m2/apartment
20.15 m2/building (residential)

30. Barcelona Solar Ordinance: The Process (1)
June 1997: The Sustainable City Councillor’s Office translated to catalan the Berlin Solar Collector Ordinance Draft. Information to the Mayor of Barcelona.
January 1998: The Barcelona Civic Table on Energy adopted a resolution to work on developing a Solar Ordinance for the city.
1998: discussion of the Barcelona Solar Energy Ordinance’s Draft with all interested parties.
Sceptics said: ‘a city like Barcelona has no power to implement a local law about solar energy’
The supporters: ‘we will proceed and see what will happen’

31. Barcelona Solar Ordinance: The Process (2)
February 1999: the Plenary Session of the City Council adopts the initial text of the Barcelona Solar Ordinance.
Feb-May 1999: open time period for people/organisations to present writen proposals to modify the initial text.
July 1999: the Plenary Session of the City Council adopts by unanimity the Barcelona Solar Ordinance.
1st August 2000: enforcement of the Barcelona Solar Ordinance

32. Barcelona Solar Ordinance What are the results?
Evolution of solar collector surface:
1995: 700 m2 of SHS
1998: 1,181 m2
1999: 1,350 m2
2000: 1,632 m2
2001: 6,321 m2

33. Barcelona Solar Ordinance The results (m2)
Number of buildings: 65
Domestic: 3, ,425
Hotels: , ,114
Sports facilities: ,458
Hospitals:
Other:
TOTAL: , ,768
dec jun.2002

34. Barcelona Solar Ordinance
The city has opened the door to the Sun

35. Barcelona Solar Ordinance Complicities
All that have not been possible without a lot of complicities, ranging from companies to NGOs.

36. Barcelona Solar Ordinance The exemple
In Catalonia inhabitants mandatory
Sant Joan Despí 24,977 nov.1999
Montcada i Reixac 26,356 nov.2000
Esplugues de Llobregat 48,310 end 2001
Terrassa 158,063 jun. 2002
Cardedeu ,040 end 2002
Palafrugell ,417 end 2002
Sant Cugat del Vallès 38,937 end 2002
In Spain: Sevilla, Valladolid, Madrid, . . .

37. THE BARCELONA SOLAR ORDINANCE is a clear case that shows how the impossible becomes a reality !
Josep Puig i Boix
EUROSOLAR Spain
END
17/09/2018