1. Splash Screen

2. Section 1: Sources of Our Laws Section 2: Types of Laws
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Sources of Our Laws
Section 2: Types of Laws
Section 3: The American Legal System
Visual Summary
Chapter Menu

3. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights contain important provisions, or laws, safeguarding the rights of Americans. In return, our system of laws gives American citizens a number of responsibilities.
Chapter Intro 1

4. Section 1: Sources of Our Laws
Throughout history, civilizations have developed systems of laws to meet their needs. Our laws today can be traced back to early legal systems such as the Code of Hammurabi and English common law.
Chapter Intro 2

5. Section 2: Types of Laws
The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties. A variety of laws protects people and their property, and helps settle disputes between parties.
Chapter Intro 2

6. Section 3: The American Legal System
The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties. All Americans have basic constitutional legal rights and responsibilities as well as important protections if they are accused of a crime.
Chapter Intro 2

7. Chapter Preview-End

8. Guide to Reading Big Idea
Throughout history, civilizations have developed systems of laws to meet their needs.
Section 1-Main Idea

9. Guide to Reading Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary common law
precedent
statute
Academic Vocabulary
potential
resolve
tradition
Section 1-Key Terms

10. Good laws must be (based on ancient laws. Reasonable. Harsh
Good laws must be (based on ancient laws? Reasonable? Harsh? Last for generations?)
What was the first set of written laws?
Who updated the Justinian Code?

11. In contrast with today’s laws, the Code of Hammurabi (was written by the people themselves? Originated in England? Was passed orally from one generation to the next? Set harsh penalties for crimes?)

12. Roman laws (often came to include commentaries
Roman laws (often came to include commentaries? Treated criminals with compassion? Were ignored by Justinian? Were condemned by the Catholic church?)

13. English Common Law included: (parts of the Napoleonic Code
English Common Law included: (parts of the Napoleonic Code? Acts of Parliament? Basic rights, such as trial by jury? Parts of the Justinian Code)

14. Functions of Laws Functions of laws:
Laws are sets of rules that allow people in a society to live together.
Functions of laws:
Define what is and is not permissible
Set punishments meant to discourage potential criminals
Administration of justice through law enforcement agencies and courts
Establish rules for settling disagreements over non-criminal matters
Section 1

15. Functions of Laws (cont.)
Characteristics of good laws:
Fair to everyone
Reasonable punishments
Understandable by the public
Enforceable by community, state, or federal authorities
Section 1

16. History of Law Earliest laws
Law systems of early societies influence us today.
Earliest laws
Unwritten ideas, traditions, and customs probably served as a kind of law for early societies
Passed orally from generation to generation
Section 1

17. History of Law (cont.) Early systems of written law:
Code of Hammurabi compiled by King of Babylonia, 1760 B.C.
Ten Commandments of Hebrew Bible
First code of Roman law published, 450 B.C.
Development of Legal Systems
Section 1

18. History of Law (cont.)
Imperial expansion spreads Roman law through Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Code of Justinian, A.D. 533:
Basis for law in Byzantine Empire
Becomes part of canon laws of Roman Catholic Church
Updated by Napoleon in Napoleonic Code
Section 1

19. History of Law (cont.) English system of common law:
Most important source of American law
Begins to take shape after Norman Conquest of England
Law based on precedents established by court decisions rather than a legal code
Section 1

20. History of Law (cont.)
English common law incorporates Roman and canon law
Basic principles of individual rights evolve
Statutes come to dominate system, common law still significant
Brought to North America in 1600s and 1700s by English settlers
Section 1

21. Section 1-End

22. Guide to Reading Big Idea
The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties.
Section 2-Main Idea

23. Guide to Reading Content Vocabulary plaintiff defendant felony
misdemeanor
larceny
robbery
burglary
lawsuit
tort
libel
constitutional law
Section 2-Key Terms

24. Guide to Reading Academic Vocabulary prohibition recover
Section 2-Key Terms

25. What do opposing lawyers do under the American adversary system?
Most criminal trials in the US involve?
Which type of law is involved if a defendant argues that he or she is the victim of an unreasonable search?

26. Criminal and Civil Law
Criminal laws help maintain a peaceful and orderly society, while civil laws involve disputes between people or groups.
Section 2

27. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
Criminal law:
To prevent people from deliberately or recklessly harming one another or one another’s property
Government always the plaintiff
Accused individual or groups are defendants
Section 2

28. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
Based on idea that society is a victim when a crime is committed
95 percent of U.S. criminal trials are for violations of state laws.
Titling of cases: state v. defendant
Section 2

29. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
It is an adversary system:
Lawyers for opposing sides present their strongest case
Judge has impartial role
System has critics and defenders
Section 2

30. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
Classification of crimes:
Felonies are more serious crimes, such as murder.
Misdemeanors are minor infractions, such as vandalism.
Section 2

31. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
Crimes against property most common:
Property is destroyed, such as arson or vandalism
Property is taken against owner’s will, such as larceny, robbery, burglary
Section 2

32. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
Disputes between people or groups
No criminal laws have been broken
Not viewed as threat to society
When a civil case goes to court, it is called a lawsuit.
In lawsuits, the plaintiff sues to collect damages for some harm done by the defendant
Section 2

33. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
Civil cases might involve:
Contracts
Torts
Family law
Section 2

34. Criminal and Civil Law (cont.)
Champions of legal rights:
John Peter Zenger (libel and freedom of the press)
Ida Wells-Barnett (civil rights)
Section 2

35. Other Types of Law (cont.)
The laws that govern our lives and protect our rights come from many sources
Constitutional law
Cases that concern the limits of government power and the rights of the individual
Comes from U.S. Constitution
Section 2

36. Other Types of Law (cont.)
Other sources:
State constitutions
Administrative agencies
Lawmaking bodies
Section 2

37. Other Types of Law (cont.)
Administrative law:
Rules and regulations made by executive branch and its agencies
Statutory law:
Statutes, or laws written by a legislative branch of government
Section 2

38. Section 2-End

39. Guide to Reading Big Idea
The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties.
Section 3-Main Idea

40. Guide to Reading Content Vocabulary stare decisis
writ of habeas corpus
bill of attainder
ex post facto law
due process of law
search warrant
double jeopardy
grand jury
plea bargaining
bail
Section 3-Key Terms

41. Guide to Reading Academic Vocabulary interpret factor presume
Section 3-Key Terms

42. Ernesto Miranda was:
If a grand jury finds sufficient evidence, it indicts, or …
Jury members must be (impartial? 30+ years old? From a different area than the one where the crime is commited? Represented by a lawyer?)

43. The equal-protection clause does what:
The exclusionary rule was meant to:
The two stage process for death penalty cases was established to:

44. Protections in the U.S. Constitution
Americans have both basic legal rights and responsibilities.
Separation of powers in U.S. Constitution:
Legislative branch makes law
Executive branch enforces law
Judicial branch interprets law
Section 3

45. Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)
Basis of judicial branch interpretation:
Written laws
Judicial precedents
Stare decisis: “let the decision stand”
Section 3

46. Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)
Sources of Americans’ basic legal rights:
Article I of the U.S. Constitution
Constitutional Amendments
Constitutional Rights of the Accused
Section 3

47. Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)
Article I:
Provides for writ of habeas corpus
Forbids bills of attainder and ex post facto laws
Section 3

48. Protections in the U.S. Constitution (cont.)
Constitutional Amendments:
Bill of Rights
Requirement of equal protection in 14th Amendment
Due process of law mandated in 5th and 14th Amendments
Section 3

49. Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused
The U.S. Constitution includes several protections for Americans accused of a crime.
Section 3

50. Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.)
The U.S. Constitution includes rights that protect citizens accused of crimes.
Accused are presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.
Section 3

51. Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.)
Fourth Amendment:
Protects citizens against “unreasonable searches and seizures”
Gives Americans right to be secure in their homes and property
Requires search warrants and probable cause
Mapp v. Ohio and the “exclusionary rule”
Section 3

52. Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.)
Fifth Amendment:
Guarantees that “no person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself”
Miranda v. Arizona
Protects against double jeopardy
Establishes right to grand jury for people accused of serious crimes
Miranda Warning
Section 3

53. Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.)
Sixth Amendment:
Establishes right to legal counsel
Gideon v. Wainwright
Accused people must be informed of nature and causes of the accusations against them
Right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury
Gives accused people the right to question witnesses against them
Section 3

54. Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.)
Averting a jury trial:
Bench trials
Plea bargaining
Section 3

55. Guaranteed Rights of Those Accused (cont.)
Eighth Amendment:
Outlaws “cruel and unusual punishments”
Controversy over death penalty
Furman v. Georgia
Prohibits excessive bail
Section 3

56. Section 3-End

57. Sources of Our Laws
The set of rules and standards by which a society governs itself is known as law.
Laws keep the peace and prevent violent acts.
Laws set punishments and rules for resolving disputes.
To be fully effective, laws must be fair and must treat all people equally.
VS 1

58. Early Systems of Law
The earliest laws were probably passed from one generation to the next by word of mouth.
Early laws, such as the Code of Hammurabi, the Ten Commandments, Roman law, and English law, have influenced our laws today.
VS 2

59. The American Legal System
The Constitution is our most fundamental and important source of law.
Many types of law exist, including criminal and civil law.
Whereas criminal law deals with criminal acts, civil law deals with disputes between people or groups.
Article I of the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights include several protections for those accused of a crime.
VS 3

60. VS-End

61. Figure 1

62. Figure 2

63. Figure 3

64. TIME Trans

65. DFS Trans 1

66. DFS Trans 2

67. DFS Trans 3

68. common law
a system of law based on precedent and customs
Vocab1

69. precedent
a ruling that is used as the basis for a judicial decision in a later, similar case
Vocab2

70. statute
a law written by a legislative branch
Vocab3

71. potential
capable of being or becoming
Vocab4

72. resolve
to find a solution or reach a decision
Vocab5

73. tradition
a way of thinking or acting that is long established
Vocab6

74. plaintiff
a person or party filing a lawsuit
Vocab7

75. defendant an individual or group being sued or charged with a crime
Vocab8

76. felony a serious crime such as murder, rape, kidnapping, or robbery
Vocab9

77. misdemeanor
a relatively minor offense such as vandalism or stealing inexpensive items
Vocab10

78. larceny
the unlawful taking away of another person’s property with the intent never to return it
Vocab11

79. robbery
the taking of property from a person’s possession by using force or threats
Vocab12

80. burglary
unlawful entry into any dwelling or structure
Vocab13

81. lawsuit
a legal action in which a person or group sues to collect damages for some harm that is done
Vocab14

82. torts wrongful acts for which an injured party has the right to sue
Vocab15

83. libel written untruths that are harmful to someone’s reputation
Vocab16

84. constitutional law
branch of law dealing with formation, construction, and interpretation of constitutions
Vocab17

85. prohibition
an order forbidding something
Vocab18

86. recover
to regain or reclaim
Vocab19

87. stare decisis
the practice of using earlier judicial rulings as a basis for deciding cases
Vocab20

88. writ of habeas corpus
a court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person
Vocab21

89. bill of attainder
a law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or a fair hearing in court
Vocab22

90. ex post facto law
a law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed
Vocab23

91. due process of law
procedures established by law and guaranteed by the Constitution
Vocab24

92. search warrant
a court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspect’s home or business and take specific items as evidence
Vocab25

93. double jeopardy
putting someone on trial for a crime of which he or she was previously acquitted
Vocab26

94. grand jury
a group of citizens that decides whether there is sufficient evidence to accuse someone of a crime
Vocab27

95. plea bargaining
negotiation between the defense attorney and the prosecutor
Vocab28

96. bail
a sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial
Vocab29

97. interpret
to explain or translate
Vocab30

98. factor
an element contributing to a result
Vocab31

99. presume
to assume or suppose to be true
Vocab32

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