1. Life is tough, but so are you.
01/10/2014
Focus Lesson
Grab a new focus lesson from the front desk.
Don’t forget our other procedures!
Find your pencil box
Clear your desk
Have your id out for me to check
Life is tough, but so are you.

2. Table Review: Answer on Page 35 (5 minutes)
What kind of cell division is required for sexual reproduction? In which organs does this division occur? (Specify for male AND female) Explain the importance of chromosome count in this process (using bio- specific vocabulary like haploid and diploid)

3. Essential Question
Why is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA molecules so important?
Daily Objectives:
SWBAT explain how the structure of DNA codes for the production of proteins.
SWBAT determine the proteins produced given a strand of DNA and a codon chart.

4. How will we get there? Before the Break This Class
Notes: Sexual Reproduction (Pg 33)
Development during Trimesters: Baby Book (Pg 34)
Winter Packet
Review Reproduction
Complete Page 35
Notes: Protein Synthesis
Page 37
Diagram the Central Dogma
Page 36
White board Practice
Post-it exit Slip

5. In the top margin of Page 37
Answer the following questions:
What is the monomer of a protein?
Which elements come together to build this molecule?

6. Transcription, Translation
Protein Synthesis
Transcription, Translation

7. We are in pursuit of the answer to the following question:
Why are we all so gosh darn good looking?
Hint: Proteins!
Beautiful Shum Family

8. We need to know 3 steps Make RNA De-code RNA Make Protein What is it?
Transcription
De-code RNA
Translation
Make Protein
Synthesis

9. Prepare your Notes: Right Hand Side of your Notebook
Page 37
You should have answered 2 questions here, from a previous slide
Protein Synthesis
This is the title of your notes! This should be what you put in the Table of Contents

10. Step 1: Need RNA Ribonucleic Acid Single stranded Made in the Nucleus
Monomer: Nucleotides-
sugar (ribose), phosphate, nitrogen base:
A-U, G-C
U= Uracil
What qualitative observations do you notice about the nitrogen bases found in RNA?

11. Always remember…
RNA loves U

12. Page 36- top half
Compare and Contrast
DNA
Both
RNA

13. DNA Both RNA double stranded A=T single stranded
Answers!- Check your work
DNA Both RNA
double stranded
A=T
uses the sugar deoxyribose
cannot leave the nucleus
used in DNA Replication
-both are used in transcription
-made up of phosphates, sugars and nitrogen bases
-contain genetic information
-use G, C and A
single stranded
A=U
uses the sugar ribose
Can leave the nucleus
used in translation

14. Why is RNA single stranded?
DNA cannot leave the nucleus, so in order to make proteins, mRNA must be made.

15. Step 1 Continued: Transcription
DNA unzips- How?
mRNA is made from the DNA template
This happens in the nucleus.
Following base pair rules
(DNAmRNA)
Draw a Picture of Transcription:
Transcription
1 DNA
1 mRNA

16. Practice with Transcription
Let’s practice transcription! I’ll give you one strand of DNA, and you complete the complementary strand of RNA. (Remember, in RNA replace T with U).
DNA strand: ATT AGG CCG GAT TAG CCT ATT
RNA strand: UAA UCC G
DNA strand: ATT GCA TTA TCG ATT ATC CTA
RNA strand:

17. Practice with Transcription
Check your work!
Practice with Transcription
Let’s practice transcription! I’ll give you one strand of DNA, and you complete the complementary strand of RNA. (Remember, in RNA replace T with U).
DNA strand: ATT AGG CCG GAT TAG CCT ATT
RNA strand:UAA UCC GGC CUA AUC GGA UAA
DNA strand: ATT GCA TTA TCG ATT ATC CTA
RNA strand: UAA CGU AAU AGC UAA UAG GAU

18. On page 36- UPPER MARGIN
Use the following decoder to decipher the following code: UGCGACUACUGA
GAC = State GGG = Your
UGA = Awesome AAG = White
CAC = teacher CGA = School
GCU = Awful UGC = Florida
UAC = Is CCA = Biology
UCC = Ed ACC = High

19. Step 2: Decode RNA Translation- changing the language
From mRNA nucleotides into amino acids
In the ribosome (rRNA)
In order to make the amino acid chain in translation, the mRNA is “read” with each set of 3 nucleotides acting like a word.
Each of these 3 letter words is called a codon, and different codons code for different amino acids.
Ex: AUG=amino acid methionine
GCA=amino acid alanine
(3 nucleotides=1 codon=1 amino acid)

20. Step 2: Decode RNA continued
tRNA brings in amino acids according to the codon
These attach at the ribosome

21. Step 3: Building the protein
Synthesis
The amino acids link together to form a protein polymer
What is another biological term for protein?
Amino Acid chain = Protein
1 mRNA

22. DNA ---- mRNA ------ Amino Acid Chain (Polypeptide Chain) = Protein

23. You can use a chart to figure out what 3 nucleotides code for each of the 20 amino acids that make up proteins:
2nd Nucleotide
1st Nucleotide
3rd Nucleotide

24. Translation Practice
Let’s practice translation! I’ll give you the mRNA strand, and you figure out what amino acids it codes for.
(Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid)
You will need a text book PAGE 244.
mRNA strand: AUG CCC UUU GAG AAG CGU
amino acid chain: methionine-proline

25. Translation Practice Check your work!
-Let’s practice translation! I’ll give you the mRNA strand, and you figure out what amino acids it codes for. (Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid)
mRNA strand: AUG CCC UUU GAG AAG CGU UAA
amino acid chain: MET–PRO–PHE–GLU- LYS-ARG-STOP

26. Practice Continued
mRNA strand: AUG GGG UGG AGA AGU GUG UGA amino acid chain:

27. Translation Practice Check your work!
-Let’s practice translation! I’ll give you the mRNA strand, and you figure out what amino acids it codes for. (Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid)
mRNA strand: AUG GGG UGG AGA AGU GUG UGA
amino acid chain: MET-GLY-TRY-ARG-VAL-STOP

28. Practice continued
mRNA strand: AUG AGU AAC CCA UAA
amino acid chain:

29. Translation Practice mRNA strand: AUG AGU AAC CCA UAA
Check your work!
Translation Practice
-Let’s practice translation! I’ll give you the mRNA strand, and you figure out what amino acids it codes for. (Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid)
mRNA strand: AUG AGU AAC CCA UAA
amino acid chain: met ser asp pro stop

30. Types of RNA Messenger RNA- mRNA Transfer tRNA Ribosomal RNA- rRNA
Carries the message/ code from the nucleus to the ribosome
Transfer tRNA
transfers the amino acids to the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA- rRNA
Makes up the ribosome

31. Exit Slip: Sticky note
In your own words explain how DNA is used to make proteins?

32. Complete the diagram (middle) column.
01/13/2014
Focus Lesson
Grab your focus lesson from the front.
Don’t forget our other procedures!
Find your pencil box
Clear your desk
Have your id out for me to check
Complete the diagram (middle) column.

33. Essential Question
Why is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA molecules so important?
Daily Objectives:
SWBAT explain how the structure of DNA codes for the production of proteins.
SWBAT determine the proteins produced given a strand of DNA and a codon chart.

34. How will we get there?
Last Class
This Class
Review Reproduction
Complete Page 35
Notes: Protein Synthesis
Page 37
Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA
Page 36
exit Slip
Winter packet past due
Complete transcription and translation notes pg. 37
Hands on practice
Process chart pg 38
Independent practice pg 39

35. Hands on practice Open your envelope Separate pieces by colors
What do you observe?
Can you infer what we will be reviewing?

36. Let’s build DNA AGG AAC CTT
Using your red pieces build the following DNA strand: Use the pieces with a flat top
AGG AAC CTT
Where would we find this in the eukaryotic cell?
Find the name of this location in your pieces and place it above your DNA.
Answer: Nucleus
DNA is universal. (What does this mean?)

37. Remember DNA is double stranded!
Using the same color (red) build the complementary DNA strand.
Remember: DNA is where its AT!
Your complement should look like this:
TCC TTG GAA
Do you remember which bonds hold the two strands of nucleotides together?
Hydrogen bonds

38. This is DNA Double stranded 4 different nitrogenous bases:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Do you remember the monomers of DNA?
Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base)

39. The Process of DNA replication
Why replicate DNA?
To make more for daughter cells/ offspring
Remember cell division?
Standard: Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and common to all organisms
When in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
Interphase, Synthesis (S)- Before cell division

40. How does replication occur?
Double helix separates- do this!
Free floating DNA nucleotides (BLUE) in the nucleus pair up
Rules of base pairing:
A with T
C with G

41. Results of replication
2 double stranded DNA molecules
Both DNA molecules are identical
Semi conservative replication
One original strand (red) paired with one new strand (blue)
Give an example of an organism that DNA replication occurs in.
Answer: ALL organisms because DNA is universal!

42. Reset your original DNA strand
It should be Red with Red
AGG AAC CTT

43. The process of Transcription
Where does this occur?
Nucleus- because the DNA is there!
Why transcription?
To make a complementary RNA strand from an original DNA template
You might be asking yourself:
“Why is mRNA needed?”
DNA is double stranded RNA is single stranded!

44. Take out your green pieces
Let’s make some mRNA!
What’s different about these pieces in comparison to the DNA?
U- uracil, NO T- thymine
RNA loves U!

45. Steps of Transcription
In the nucleus DNA unzips (separates)
One strand of DNA will be used (top)
Create a complementary mRNA strand
Use the green cutouts
A pairs with U, G pairs with C
mRNA unzips from the DNA to go to the ribosome
DNA zips back

46. Transcription results
What did we just do?
Made mRNA from the DNA template
What should your mRNA strand look like?
UCC UUG GAA
What happens next to the mRNA?
Translation

47. The process of translation
Where does this occur?
Ribosome- organelle that makes proteins
Why translation ?
To make proteins (amino acid chains) from codons of mRNA

48. CODONS are as easy as 1,2,3!
A codon is a 3 nucleotide sequence of mRNA
Example:
AUG
What does AUG code for?

49. Steps of Translation
A single strand of mRNA/ codons attaches to the ribosome
Find ribosome in your envelope
tRNA/anticodon (transfer RNA) brings in an amino acid
Use the white pieces
Use the codon chart and the sticky note to identify the amino acids
Attach your amino acid to the tRNA/anticodon
Amino acid chain elongates
Protein is made- leaves ribosome

50. Let’s recap- Draw this on pg 38
Your proteins are what we see of you (phenotype). They are made from your DNA!
Which process does each “?” represent??? ? ? ?

51. Independent practice, pg 39
You CAN do this!
Volume level- 0
This is your time to assess what you know.
If you need help raise your hand.
You will have a quiz next class!