1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
The Double Helix

2. Why does DNA replicate?
Cells copy genetic information before cell division so that each new cell has a complete set of DNA

3. 3 steps to DNA Replication
UNZIP: DNA Helicase
“unzips” the strands of DNA breaking the hydrogen bonds.

4. 2) BASE PAIRING: DNA Polymerase bonds free nucleotides with nucleotides from parent strand

5. 3. Joining Nucleotides: Ligase bonds nucleotides together.
This result in 2 identical DNA molecules.

6. Semi Conservative Replication:
New DNA molecule contains 1 new strand and 1 old strand.

7. DNA replication

8. 2. 3. 1.

10. Central Dogma of Biology:

11. Protein Synthesis occurs in two steps: 1) Transcription: DNA RNA 2) Translation: RNA Protein

12. Makes a temporary copy of DNA
Transcription
Makes a temporary copy of DNA

13. Turn to a Partner
List all the similarities and differences with DNA and RNA

14. RNA Structure RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways: RNA is a single strand
RNA has the sugar ribose
RNA has the nitrogen base uracil instead of thymine.

15. 3 Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries copy of instructions for making protein from nucleus to ribosome

16. 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Structural component of ribosomes

17. 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfers an amino acid to the ribosome to be added to the protein.

18. Talk to a Partner
List the 3 types of RNA & their functions

19. Transcription: The process
An enzyme unzips DNA
As DNA unzips, free RNA nucleotides pair with the DNA nucleotides.
When base pairing is done, the new mRNA breaks away.
mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

20. Explain the process of transcription
Talk to a Partner
Explain the process of transcription

21. Transcription Animation

22. Types of RNA RNA can be Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA
also called
which functions to
also called
which functions to
also called
which functions to
mRNA
Carry instructions
rRNA
Combine
with proteins
tRNA
Bring amino acids to ribosome
from to
to make up
DNA
Ribosome
Ribosomes

23. Label the cover of the foldable

24. Translation
RNA to PROTEIN

25. Steps to Translation

26. mRNA attaches to the ribosome.
2. The tRNA molecule with the correct anticodon attaches to the mRNA codon.

27. ***This process continues until a STOP codon is reached.
3.The mRNA slides through the ribosome to the next codon and another tRNA comes and attaches to mRNA.
4. The 1st tRNA releases its amino acid to attach to the 2nd amino acid on using a peptide bond.
***This process continues until a STOP codon is reached.

28. Translation: RNA to PROTEIN
Talk to a Partner
Translation: RNA to PROTEIN

29. Translation into a Protein
Proteins are made by joining amino acids with a peptide bond into long chains called polypeptides.
The genetic code is read three letters at a time, so that each “word” of the coded message is three mRNA bases long.
This 3-letter “word” is known as a codon.
Each codon corresponds to a particular amino acid (the anti-codon on tRNA).

30. Decoding codons into amino acids

32. Met- Thre- Gly- Ser -stop
Example:
Template DNA: TAC TGG CCT TCG ACT mRNA: tRNA: Amino Acids:
AUG ACC GGA AGC UGA
(Codon)
(Anticodon)
UAC UGG CCU UCG ACU
Met- Thre- Gly- Ser -stop

33. Translation: RNA to PROTEIN
Talk to a Partner
Translation: RNA to PROTEIN

34. Label the cover of the foldable

35. Translation Animation

36. Central Dogma of Biology: