2. Let’s make energy! O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + energy
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + energy
Happens in the mitochondria
Heterotrophs
CO2 + H2O + energy (sunlight)  O2 + C6H12O6
Happens in the chloroplast
Autotrophs

3. Games!
L_20_dev_100.html

4. Cellular Respiration
Chapter 7

5. TIME TO USE THAT SUGAR

6. BUT WAIT! Houston…we have a problem
SUGAR = a great way to store energy
ATP = energy that the cell can use

8. BUT FIRST! How much ATP do we need?!
How much ATP do you think you use in a day?
About 65 kg ATP per day! (143 pounds)

9. Let’s talk to Hank first.
Because Hank is cool.

10. C-C-C-C-C-C Glucose ENERGY A type of sugar (CARBOHYDRATE) (C6H12O6)
Energy is stored between the bonds of the C atoms
C-C-C-C-C-C
ENERGY

11. Cellular Respiration
Process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds
Happens in the mitochondria
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

12. Besties 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  6O2 + C6H12O6
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  6O2 + C6H12O6

13. Writing to Win!
State whether you agree or disagree with the following statements, and why.
Organisms do not need oxygen to get energy from organic molecules
It is unlikely that humans will ever run 1,600 m (~1 mile) in less than 2 minutes.

14. Cellular Respiration 3 steps! Glycolysis Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

15. Glycolysis AKA Anaerobic Respiration because it doesn’t require oxygen
Occurs in the cytosol of cells
Breakdown of glucose into two 3-C molecules called pyruvic acid
Makes 2 ATP molecules
4 STEPS!! Ready…go!

16. Glycolysis
Step 1: two phosphate molecules attach to a molecule of glucose, costing the cell 2 ATP

17. Glycolysis
Step 2: six-carbon molecule is split into two 3-C molecules of G3P

18. Glycolysis
Step 3: G3P molecules get a P attached

19. Glycolysis
Step 4: phosphate groups from step 1 and step 3 are removed, making 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
Phosphate is added to an ADP, making 4 ATP molecules

20. Glycolysis – how much ATP did we make??
Step 1
Step 4
We invested 2 ATP to add the Phosphate molecules to glucose
We got 4 ATP by adding a P to some molecules of ADP

21. But……..
2 ATP is not a lot of energy.

22. Anaerobic Respiration
If oxygen is not present, the breakdown of pyruvic acid continues in the cytosol
Fermentation – produces NAD+ without oxygen
Lactic acid fermentation – pyruvic acid is made into lactic acid
Happens in milk! = spoiling
Used to make cheese and yogurt
Muscle cells use up oxygen during exercise, making lactic acid build up. This buildup causes muscles to cramp or be sore
Alcoholic fermentation – converts pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol (C-C-OH)
What yeast cells do!
Used in wine and beer production
Makes bread dough rise

24. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION QUIZ
Glycolysis is also known as what? (hint: doesn’t require oxygen)
What is the 3-Carbon molecule made at the end of glycolysis?
How many ATP do we net at the end of glycolysis?
What compound do muscle cells convert pyruvic acid into without oxygen?
What does “glycolysis” mean? (translate the word)

25. AEROBICS

26. Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen!!!
Process of pyruvic acid undergoing a bunch of reactions to make ATP
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
Makes 20x the amount of ATP made in glycolysis!
** Why did glucose have to be broken down into pyruvic acid before it could go into the Krebs cycle?

27. Aerobic Respiration
Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and reacts with coenzyme A to make acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
Pyruvic acid loses a C, which is used to make NADH

28. Krebs Cycle
5 steps… READY GO!

29. Krebs Cycle
Step 1: acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid, making citric acid

30. Krebs Cycle
Step 2: a CO2 molecule and a H atom break off of citric acid. This H atom combines with NAD+ to make NADH.
So we get an NADH and a 5-C compound

31. Krebs Cycle
Step 3: a CO2 molecule and a H atom break off of the 5-C molecule. This H atom combines with NAD+ to make NADH. An ATP is made from an ADP
So, we get a 4-C molecule, another NADH, and an ATP

32. Krebs Cycle
Step 4: the 4-C molecule releases a H atom, which is used to turn FAD into FADH2, a molecule similar to NAD+

33. Krebs Cycle
Step 5: the 4-C compound releases another H atom and turns into oxaloacetic acid, which keeps the cycle going
H atom combines with NAD+ to make NADH

34. Krebs Cycle
4 ATP
Each molecule of pyruvate from glycolysis goes through the Krebs cycle
So…at the end…we get…
4 CO2 molecules
2 ATP molecules
6 NADH
2 FADH2

35. But……..
4 ATP is still not a lot of energy.

36. WHOA
Your body uses 1 million ATP molecules per second
Times THAT by 1 trillion cells that are in your body…
100,000,000,000,000,000,000 ATP MOLECULES ARE USED IN YOUR BODY EACH SECOND

37. Aerobic Respiration
Chapter 7

38. Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen
Includes the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

39. Electron Transport Chain
Located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria in the cristae
Cristae provide more surface area for the electron transport chain to happen. Allows more ATP to be made!!!
5 steps…ready GO!

40. Electron Transport Chain
Step 1: NADH and FADH2 lose their electrons and H atoms

41. Electron Transport Chain
Step 2: electrons from NADH are passed along the ETC, losing energy as they do so.

42. Electron Transport Chain
Step 3: Energy lost from the electrons is used to pump protons from the matrix, making a concentration gradient

43. Electron Transport Chain
Step 4: the proton concentration gradient is used to make ATP by chemiosmosis
Protons move through ATP synthase, lose energy, and the energy helps combine ADP and P

44. Electron Transport Chain
Step 5: oxygen accepts protons and electrons that have traveled along the chain
Combine to make WATER

45. Electron Transport Chain
34 ATP
In a perfect world, we get…

46. 38 ATP Overall… How many ATP do we get from one molecule of glucose?
2 from glycolysis
2 from the Krebs cycle
34 from the electron transport chain
…………

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