1. Treatment for Cancer

2. Surgery
Treatment and prognosis depend on severity and spread of the cancer
#1 Treatment: Surgery

3. For several different types of cancer, surgery is dependent upon size, location, and stage of the disease
For some tumors, detected early, surgery can be a cure

4. The surgeon will always complete a wide margin cut
The tumor and tissue will be sent to a pathologist to make sure that no tumor cells are found in the surrounding tissue
Surgery is often used in conjunction with radiation and/or chemotherapy

5. Wide Margin Cut ©http://www. mdanderson. org/images/dermsurg_treat_wle

6. Surgery can also be used as a palliative measure
Palliative: surgery that may be done to relieve symptoms but not to cure the disease
Ex. pain

7. Radiation Therapy
High energy beams are used to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors
Destroys cells that divide rapidly
Damages the DNA of the cancer cells
Problem?

8. Can destroy healthy tissue (esp
Can destroy healthy tissue (esp. skin, hair follicles, lining of intestines, reproductive organs)
Usually, healthy cells can recover from the radiation, however, there may side effects

9. Radiation Therapy ©http://www. ndigital. com/medical/images/Apps_igrt

10. Radiation Therapy with a Linear Accelerator Table ©http://www. srhc

11. Side Effects Irritation and/or damage to epithelial cells Dryness
Skin irritation, permanent hair loss
Dryness
Tears, salivary glands, sweat glands
Cancer

12. Types of radiation therapy
Beamed: radiation rays are directed very close to a tumor in an attempt to destroy the cancer cells
Usually an outpatient procedure

13. Implanted capsule: a small capsule of radiation is implanted into or near the tumor
Patient may have to stay in the hospital

14. The radiation is directed at/near the cancer site
Radiation can reduce symptoms when a cure is not possible

15. As tumors shrink from damaged outer layer, the surviving cells appear to obtain an improved blood supply
This may make them more susceptible to the radiation

16. Chemotherapy Chemicals that affect cancer cells’ metabolic processes
Used to cure, control, or relieve cancer symptoms

17. Normal cells also take in the toxin—the hope is that the cancer cells build up toxins and the healthy cells keep the level low
Given intravenously or orally

18. Chemotherapy ©http://www. 446aw. afrc. af

20. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy: given before surgery to shrink a tumor
Benefit?
Adjuvant chemotherapy: given after surgery if lymph nodes are involved

21. Side Effects Depend upon the dose given
May range from minimal to life-threatening conditions
May damage the bone marrow, hair follicles, and lining of mouth, throat, intestines, rectum

22. Damage to the bone marrow results in lowered production of wbc, rbc, and platelets
Lowered blood cell count
Nausea and vomiting

23. Medications can be given to control nausea
Growth factor can be given to force the body to produce wbcs

24. Hormone Therapy
Stops the effects or production of estrogen and progesterone (both stimulate the growth of breast cancer)
Often prescribed for post-menopausal women since their cancer cells tend to have receptors that attract these hormones

25. Lowers testosterone in males

26. Immunotherapy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NNjDjXSJt0
Immunotherapy: attempts to stimulate the immune system to reject and destroy tumors
Theoretically, it is the best treatment

27. Examples:
Vaccines
Drugs that help immune system cells to grow and divide faster

28. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. When the Fc receptors on natural killer (NK) cells interact with Fc regions of antibodies bound to cancer cells, the NK cell releases perforin and granzyme, leading to cancer cell apoptosis.

30. Gene Therapy
Gene therapy: the insertion of genes into cancer cells in an attempt to treat it
In other words, the corrected gene is inserted into a cell to replace the abnormal/ disease causing gene

31. Still in the experimental stage
The most common vector is a virus