1. Comparing Forms of Government
Chapter 2

2. Political Economy Link between economic and political systems
Belief that economic systems will create laws / institutions that protect the economic systems

3. Political Economy Political Democracy Aristocracy Monarchy Economic
anarchy
Aristocracy
Oligarchy
dictatorship
Monarchy
tyranny
Economic
Market economy
Traditional economy
Command economy

4. Origins and Evolution of Government
City - State:
Sumerians (Iraq 3000BC)
Direct Democracy:
Athens (Greece 5th Century BC)
Representative Democracy (Rome 500 BC)
Middle Ages: Feudalism to Nation-State
Feudalism
Absolute Monarchs v. Early Parliaments

5. Age of Revolutions Monarchs as despots 1215 Magna Carta
King John
(trial by jury, due process, life, liberty, property)
1628 Petition of Rights
Charles I
(unlawful detention; limited martial law)
1688 Bill of Rights: Glorious Revolution or Bloodless Revolution (1688 England): constitutional monarchy;
William and Mary
(parliamentary elections, fair trial, freedom from excess bail, cruel and unusual punishment)

6. Age of Revolution American Revolution: constitutional democracy
Den of terrorists
French Revolution (1789): constitutional democracy to authoritarian regime; totalitarianism
Russian Revolution (1917): ‘communism’
Theory v. Reality

7. Modern Totalitarianism
Communism
Joseph Stalin ( ) USSR
Communism party supreme power
State control economy
Suppression of opposition
Hostility to religion, human rights

8. Modern Totalitarianism
Fascism
Benito Mussolini ( ) Italy
Dictator supreme power
Every one serve the state (Hegel)
Extreme nationalism
Censorship and terror

9. Modern Totalitarianism
Nazism
Adolf Hitler ( ) Germany
Nazi party holds supreme power
Racial superiority
Territorial expansion
Elimination of ‘inferior minorities’
Reject democracy / civil liberties

10. Forms of Government: Today
Monarchy
Rule by one
Hereditary Ruler
King Salman, Saudi Arabia (crowned January 23, 2015)

11. Forms of Government: Today
Dictatorship
Rule by one
Military coup d’etat or coup
Military overthrough of Pres. Robert Mugabe (37 years reign; replaced by Emmerson Mnangagwa)
zimbabwe

12. Forms of Government: Today
Theocracy
Rule of a few religious leaders
Single state supported religion
Vatican City (nation); Pope
Iran; Islamic Republic
Ayatollah Khomeini

13. Forms of Government: Today
Single-Party State
Constitution allows for one party
Or people ‘move’ to dominate party - sycophancy
Leading member of party control party and government
elite

14. Forms of government Direct democracy Athens, Ancient Greece
Ohlone Indians, California
Switzerland
Referendum on laws
Initiative
recall

15. Forms of Government: Today
Parliamentary Democracy
Prime Minister
Ministers with portfolios
Parliament ministers
Votes of no confidence
People elect parliament; parliament elects prime minister
Great Britain; Canada

16. Forms of Government: Today
Presidential Democracy
People elect president (directly or indirectly)
People elect legislature
Responsive to people
Legitimacy
Checks and balances
Difficult to remove president
gridlock

17. Distribution of Power Unitary system Centralized
Power in national government
Japan
Great Britain

18. Distribution of Power Federal System Federalism
National and regional (state or province) share power
Flexible
Experiment with policy
Address local needs

19. Distribution of Power Confederal system Confederation
States have more power than central government (national government)
Articles of confederation - first American Government
South during the Civil War
Supranational Organizations: European Union (EU)

20. Economic Systems Basic Questions all Economic Systems must answer
What goods and services should be produced?
How should these goods and services be produced?
For Whom? How should the people share the goods and services?

21. Four Factors of Production
How should the factors of production be used?
Land
Labor
Capital
Entrepreneurship

22. Economic Systems: Traditional
Decisions are made by custom (ancestors) - three basic questions
Inuit of Alaska

23. Economic Systems: Market Economies
Market economy; capitalism, free enterprise
Interaction of supply and demand
Invisible hand: individual decisions of producers and consumers

24. Economic systems: Command Economies
Government decides three basic questions
Socialism /Communism
Central planners
Problems: shortages

25. Economic Systems: Mixed Economies
Blends reliance on market forces with government involvement in the market place
Regulation
Inspection
USA: market to mixed economy
PRC: Command to mixed economy