1. Kingdom Monera & the Effectivenes of Antibacterial Agengs
Learning Outcome E3 & E4
Kingdom Monera & the Effectivenes of Antibacterial Agengs

2. Student Achievement indicators
Learning Outcome E3
E3 – analyse monerans as a life form at the prokaryotic level of organization
Student Achievement indicators
Students who have fully met this learning outcome will be able to:
Examine the monerans and identify the characteristics that unify them
Use examples to illustrate moneran diversity with respect to the following:
classification
shape and grouping of cells
motility
ecological role
nutrition (fermentation, aerobic respiration, photosynthesis
reproduction (binary fission, conjugation)
human diseases
Give examples of the beneficial roles of bacteria

3. Student Achievement indicators
Learning Outcome E4
E4 – evaluate the effectiveness of various antibiotics, disinfectants, or antiseptics on bacterial cultures
Student Achievement indicators
Students who have fully met this learning outcome will be able to:
Conduct an experiment using sterile technique to test the effects of various antibacterial agents on bacterial cultures
Analyse and interpret data from experiments to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of particular agents on specific bacteria
Explain how bacteria mutate to become resistant to antibiotics

4. Bacteria Introduction
Many bacteria have caused so many deaths that they have been credited with changing the course of human history
Most microbes are harmless or even helpful
They decompose dead plants and animal which allows this organic material to be recycled and put back into the ecosystem
Microbes convert and recycle essential elements: carbon, oxygen, suphur and nitrogen
The study of microorganisms is called Microbiology and has allowed advancements in medicine (antibiotics) and manufacturing of dairy product such as milk and cheese.
Most microbes are unicellular, but unlike viruses they are capable of independent life

5. What is in a Name? Bacteria are named based on shape:
Cocci (singular coccus) – spherical

6. Cocci Bacteria

7. What’s in a Name?
Bacilli (singular bacillus) - rod-shaped

8. What’s in a Name?
Spirilla (singular spirillum) – spiral-shaped

9. Classification Belong to the Kingdom Monera
Includes all types of bacteria, including some simple photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms
Two major groups:
Archaebacteria
Often live in environments without oxygen
They are found in swamps and in environments with high salt concentration, high temperatures and high acidity.
Eubacteria
Are the largest group of monerans and include organisms traditionally recognized as bacteria

10. Basic Characteristics
Bacterial cells are prokaryotic; all bacterial are single celled
They cytoplasm of bacterial cells contain no membrane-bound organelles
Bacterial cells have a single chromosome
Most bacterial produce by binary fission
Binary fission is the division of an organism into two, both new organisms would be genetically identical.

13. Basic Characteristics
Bacteria show great metabolic diversity
Some monerans are found in extreme environments where other organism can not live; boiling mud, hot springs, coal mines, polar ice caps and hot water vents.
The different shaped bacteria may form chains or clusters of individually shaped cells
Example streptococci is a chain of cocci bacteria
Chains or clusters of bacteria do not make bacteria a multicellular organism
Can form an endospore, which is a dormant state that forms during unfavorable conditions.

14. Respiration Obligate aerobes require oxygen in order to survive
Example- mycobacterium tuberculosis
Obligate anaerobes do not require oxygen in order to survive

15. Diseases Caused by Kingdom Monera
Human diseases are caused by pathogens; usually viruses or bacteria.
Although some pathogens are fungi, protozoans or parasitic worms
Some of the worst human diseases are caused by bacteria
Example – pneumonia
Bacterial infections in lungs
Treated with antibiotics
Viral pneumonia is harder to treat due to a tough capsid
Not affected by antibiotics

16. Diseases Caused by Kingdom Monera
Modes of Transmission
Moisture droplets in the air or dust
Direct contact
Fecal contamination
Insect/animal bites
Open cuts and wounds

17. Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance
Inhibit the growth of specific microorganism
2500 naturally occurring antibiotics used to treat infections caused by bacteria
Bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics
Occurs when a mutated (resistant) bacteria reproduces
This creates a new strain that is resistant to antibiotics
The bacteria’s resistance is passed on the next generation

18. Antiobiotics & Antibiotic Resistance
The most common type of bacterial resistance is caused by bacteria that have an R (resistance) factor.
This factor occurs within the plasmid (ring of DNA)
The plasmid codes for genes that make enzymes that deactivate certain drugs and antibiotics.
Studies suggest resistant strains of bacteria have become the common or dominant type due to natural selection
Read pg. 233(Bacteria and Sewage Treatment)

19. Examples of Harmful Bacteria
Organism
Disease/Destruction Produced
Bacillus anthracite
Anthrax
Clostridium botulism
Botulism; tetanus, gangrene and lock jaw
Streptococci
Strep throat and scarlet fever
Staphylococci
Boils, food poisoning an skin infections
Bacilli
Sours milk
Pseudonymous
Gasoline spoilage
Destruction of silkworms
Staphylococci & Pseudonymous
Food spoilage
Coliform bacteria
Pollution of water source, causes soft rot in plants, gastroenteritis and dysentery in humans .
Spirillia
Cholera and syphyillis

20. Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Bacteria
Gram-staining is done to divide bacteria into two specific groups based on cell wall content.
Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet during Gram staining.
Gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the crystal violet stain, instead this type of bacteria is able to take up a counterstain, and appear red or pink
Gram-positive organisms are able to retain the crystal violet stain because of the high amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Gram-positive cell walls lack the outer membrane found in gram-positive cells.