1. 1 Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry
Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick

2. Response to the environment
Figure 1.2
Order
Regulation
Reproduction
Evolutionary adaptation
Figure 1.2 Some properties of life
Energy processing
Response to the environment
Growth and development

3. Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization
Life can be studied at different levels, from molecules to the entire living planet
This enormous range can be divided into different levels of biological organization

4. 6 Organs and Organ Systems 2 Ecosystems
Figure 1.3
7 Tissues
1 The Biosphere
6 Organs and Organ Systems 2
Ecosystems 10
Mole- cules 3
Communities 8
Cells 5
Organisms
Figure 1.3 Exploring levels of biological organization
9 Organelles
4 Populations

5. Figure 1.3a
Figure 1.3a Exploring levels of biological organization (part 1: the biosphere)
The Biosphere

6. Figure 1.3b
Figure 1.3b Exploring levels of biological organization (part 2: ecosystems)
Ecosystems

7. Figure 1.3c
Figure 1.3c Exploring levels of biological organization (part 3: communities)
Communities

8. Figure 1.3d
Figure 1.3d Exploring levels of biological organization (part 4: populations)
Populations

9. Figure 1.3e
Figure 1.3e Exploring levels of biological organization (part 5: organisms)
Organisms

10. Organs and Organ Systems
Figure 1.3f
Figure 1.3f Exploring levels of biological organization (part 6: organs and organ systems)
Organs and Organ Systems

11. Figure 1.3g
Figure 1.3g Exploring levels of biological organization (part 7: tissues)
Tissues
50 µm

12. Figure 1.3h
Cell
10 µm
Figure 1.3h Exploring levels of biological organization (part 8: cells)
Cells

13. Organelles Chloroplast 1 µm Figure 1.3i
Figure 1.3i Exploring levels of biological organization (part 9: organelles)
1 µm
Organelles

14. Molecules Atoms Chlorophyll molecule Figure 1.3j
Figure 1.3j Exploring levels of biological organization (part 10: molecules)
Molecules

15. Emergent Properties
Emergent properties result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
Emergent properties characterize nonbiological entities as well
For example, a functioning bicycle emerges only when all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way

16. Reductionism is the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
For example, studying the molecular structure of DNA helps us to understand the chemical basis of inheritance

17. To explore emergent properties, biologists complement reductionism with systems biology, analysis of the interactions among the parts of a biological system