1. Math Problem
A washing machine uses 300 watts each time it is run. The cycle takes one hour. It is run 150 times per year. How much energy does it use in one year?
First convert to Kilowatts-
#watts/1000 = X kw
2. Determine usage:
kw product X hours used= X kwh (kilwatt-hours)
ANSWER:
300/1000= .3 kw
.3 kw x 150 hours/year= kwh/year

2. Chapter 20 Sustainability, Equity, and Justice

3. CASE STUDY- NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement (1994)
Goal- increase trade among US, Canada, & Mexico by reducing tariffs and taxes (regulations)
Result: increase in assembly plants in N. Mexico. Industrial pollution, poor working conditions, areas of poverty resulted
Profits from these companies most often go to the home country.
Your thoughts?

4. The Marketplace ALL based on natural capital!
There is no emotion, values, or ethics

5. COST of a good is based on SUPPLY and DEMAND
Demand- considers income, cost of good, # of people who want the good……
Supply- considers cost of resources to produce, expectations on future prices, and # people selling product.

6. Supply and Demand
Law of Demand- as price of good ↑, quantity demanded ↓; when price ↓ then quantity demanded ↑.
Law of Supply- as price of good ↑, quantity supplied ↑; when price ↓ then quantity supplied ↓.

7. The Laws of Supply and Demand
The demand curve slopes downwards because as the price of the good rises, the demand declines.

8. Externalities
The COSTS OR IMPACT of a good/ service on people/environment. This is not included in the price of that good/service.
EX: the medical expenses incurred by exposure to the plant’s pollution
ULTIMATELY THIS WOULD RAISE PRICE AND LOWER DEMAND

9. Wealth and Productivity
What is the status of country’s “wealth”, health, and stability?
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
(Value of PRODUCTION/GOODS/SERVICES)
As GDP increases, POP. growth slows and Standard of living increases.

10. Wealth and Productivity- A Better Measure
GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator)- includes the health of the people (education, income) and welfare of the environment (pollution, resource depletion) NOT just the value of products/goods/services
Note- European countries are using GPI and found overall wealth is declining.

12. Kuznets Curve
Model suggests that as a country’s per capita increases, environmental degradation INCREASES then DECREASES
China
U.S.

13. Technology Transfer
Leap Frogging- Developing countries can take advantage without having to invest in research or the infrastructure.
Ex: Cell Phones
Solar Panels

14. Capital Natural capital- natural resources
Human capital- human knowledge
Manufactured capital- goods and services produced

15. Market Failure
When the market does not account for EXTERNALITIES- overuse and degradation.
Environmental & Ecological Economics- address market failure.

16. Sustainable Economic Systems
Cradle to Cradle
Use your wastes as raw materials for new products
Use RAW/VIRGIN materials sparingly

17. NIKE AND SUSTAINABILITY
Cradle to Grave Program created.
Use water based adhesives instead of solvents that have high [VOCs]
Reuse a shoe program
Nike Grind use to make artificial turf, basketball courts…..

18. Dilema: Jobs versus the environment!
ANTHROPOCENTRIC: Human Centered
Why care for the environment if there is poverty and injustice?
ECOCENTRIC: Earth-Centered
Why focus on humans suffering when a depleted environment can NOT support human health and well-being?

19. Precautionary Principle
Choose a harmless alternative when an action is uncertain. “Environmental Uncertainty” Ex: 1987 Montreal Protocol Global elimination of CFCs that scientists thought were destroying the O3 layer in the Stratosphere.

20. First Earth Day- April 22, 1970 Santa Barbara Oil Spill (1969)-
Rachel Carson
11 days, 200,000 gallons of crude oil spilled into channel
“Silent Spring” 1962
Wrote about Nature being compromised by PESTICIDES- DDT.
Her findings weren’t new but she was FIRST to share them with public.

21. Green Tax
Tax placed on environmentally harmful activities or emissions. Goal to reduce activity.
Ex: Gasoline Tax, SO2 permits, Carbon tax

22. Environmental Justice
The inequitable distribution of pollution and of environmental degradation to poor areas.
Oil refinery row Corpus Christi. Large Hispanic population lives in area.