1. History and Sociology of Science
A New Tool for Historians of Science: Citations and Co-Citations in Scientific Correspondences
Yves Gingras
Canada Research Chair
History and Sociology of Science

2. Correspondance de Mersenne
Périod =
Correspondents = 88
Letters = 1880
Citations = 3481
Co-citations = 5827

3. Distribution géographique des correspondants de Mersenne

7. Ucinet Matrix of co-citations in Mersenne

8. Co-citation network in Mersenne(1617-1648)

9. Co-citation network in Mersenne (1617-1631) (20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½

10. Co-citation network in Mersenne (1632-1636) (20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½

11. Co-citation network in Mersenne (1637-1641) (20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½

12. Co-citation network in Mersenne (1642-1648) (20 most cited authors ( Norm ≥ 0,2)
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½

13. Changing centrality of actors in Mersenne’s correspondence
rang
nom
N. co-cit 1
Aristote 34
Galilée
303
Descartes
563 2
Horace 27
Gassendi(Pierre)
224
Roberval (Gilles Personnne de)
426 3
Gueneau 20
201
358 4
Virgile 19
Beaugrand (Jean de)
168
354
Euclide 5
Fermat
150
Huygens (Constantin)
230
Amama 18 6
Morin(Jean-Baptiste)
147
Torricelli (Evangelista)
220 17 7
Hardy (Claude)
142
Hobbes (Thomas)
205
Mydorge(Claude) 8
138
Saumaise (Claude)
198 9
Petit (Pierre)
134
190
Beeckman (Isaac) 16 10
Desargues (Girard)
126
Archimède
180
Apollonius de Perge 15
Golius (Jacques)
Platon 14
Levasseur 12
Augustin

14. Oldenburg Correspondence
Périod =
correspondents = 145
letters = 3296
citations = 6842
co-citations = 15783

17. Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1656-1677)

18. Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1656-1677)
(n>24 co-citations)

19. Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1656-1677)
(n> 39 co-citations)

20. Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1654-1667) (20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½

21. Co-citation Network in Oldenburg(1668-1670) (20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½

22. Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1671-1673) (20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½

23. Co-citation Network in Oldenburg (1674-1677) (20 most cited authors (Norm ≥ 0,2))
Norm = N cocit (a,b)
(cit a * cit b)½

24. Changing Centrality in Oldenburg
rang
nom
N. co-cit 1
Jones, Richard 38
Wallis, John
663
Boyle, Robert
1180 2
Descartes, René 34
Hooke, Robert
558
864 3 24
528
Huygens, Christiaan
709 4
524
669
Roberval, Gilles Personne de 23 5
Auzout, Adrien
483
Collins, John
526
Poleman, Joachim 20 6
Brouncker, William
443
Newton, Isaac
514
Louis XIV, King of France 7
Hevelius, Johannes
405
Cassini, Giovanni
513
Charles II, King of England 8
Wren, Christopher
337
420
Willis, Thomas 9
281
Barrow, Isaac
410
Pascal, Blaise 19 10
Sprat, Thomas
240
406
Boulliaud, Ismael 18
Cromwell, Olivier
Beale, John 17
Borel, Pierre
Galilei, Galileo 16
Petit, Pierre 15

25. Correspondance de Darwin
Périod =
correspondents = 3804
Letters = 5918
Citations = 18697
Co-citations = 71198

29. Darwin’s correspondents (1821-31)

30. Darwin’s correspondents (1832-36)

31. Darwin’s correspondents (1832-36)

32. Darwin’s correspondents (1837-48)

33. Darwin’s correspondents (1837-47)

34. Darwin’s correspondents (1848-58)

35. Darwin’s correspondents (1848-58)

36. Darwin’s correspondents (1859-67)

37. Darwin’s correspondents (1859-67)

38. Darwin’s correspondents (1859-67)

39. Annual number of letters and cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence

40. Average number of of persons cited per letter in Darwin’s correspondence

41. Most cited authors in Darwin’s correspondence

42. 5 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence (excluding familly)

43. 10 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence (excluding familly)

44. 10 most cited persons in Darwin’s correspondence
Scientists in red
Family in blue

45. Co-citations network in Darwin (n>7) 1821-1867
FAMILLE
SCIENTIFIQUES

46. Réseau de co-citations dans Darwin (35 co-cit et plus)

47. Co-citation network (1821-31) (n>3)

48. Co-citation network (1832-36) (n>3)

49. Co-citation network (1837-47) (n>3)

50. Co-citation network (1848-58) (n>3)

51. Co-citation network (1859-67) (n>3)