1. Instrumental Chemistry
Chapter 1
Introduction

2. Early years of chemistry
Classical Methods
Early years of chemistry
Separation of analytes by precipitation, extraction, or distillation.
Qualitative analysis by reaction of analytes with reagents that yielded products that could be recognized by their colors, boiling or melting points, solubilities, optical activities, or refractive indexes.
Quantitative analysis by gravimetric or by titrimetric techniques.

3. Instrumental Methods
Measurement of physical properties of analytes - such as conductivity, electrode potential, light absorption or emission, mass-to-charge ratio, and fluorescence-began to be employed for quantitative analysis of inorganic, organic, and biochemical analytes.
Efficient chromatographic separation techniques are used for the separation of components of complex mixtures.
Instrumental Methods of analysis (collective name for newer methods for separation and determination of chemical species.)

4. Bias Where: g is the population mean for
Bias provides a measure of the systematic,
or determinate, error of an
analytical method.
bias = g – xt
Where: g is the population mean for
the concentration of analyte in a sample that
has a true concentration of xt

5. Sensitivity calibration sensitivity, S = MC + Sbi
Ability to discriminate between small differences is analyte concentration.
calibration sensitivity, S = MC + Sbi
S = measured signal
c = concentration of analyte
Sbi = instrument signal for a blan
M = slope of the straight line

6. Applicable Concentration Range
The figure below illustrates the definition of the useful range of an analytical method, which is from the lowest concentration at which the quantitative measurements can be made (limit of quantitation LOQ) to the concentration at which the calibration curve departs from linearit (limit of linearity LOL)

7. Applicable Concentration Range

8. Useful Websites Dealing With Instrumental Analysis
American Chemical Society:
Chemical Abstracts Service:
Chemical Center Home Page: (maintained by ACS)
Science Magazine: