1. AGE OF EXPLORATION, THE REFORMATION, THE ULSTER PLANTATION
REVISION
AGE OF EXPLORATION, THE REFORMATION, THE ULSTER PLANTATION

2. CAUSES OF AGE OF EXPLORATION
NEW TRADE ROUTES
MARCO POLO’S WRITINGS
WEALTH & FAME
THE INFLUENCE OF THE RENAISSANCE
RELIGION
WEALTH FOR COUNTRIES

3. IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS & NAVIGATION
ASTROLABE – Worked
out latitude
PORTLAN CHARTS –
Showed places along coasts
COMPASS – Used to
find direction
CARAVEL – New ships with lateen
and square sails, rudders for
steering and clinker built.
LOG & LINE – Used to
work out speed in
knots or depth of
water

4. Prince Henry the Navigator founded a school for navigation at Sagres.
PORTUGUESE EXPLORERS
Prince Henry the Navigator founded a school for navigation at Sagres.
Bartholomew Diaz sailed along the coast of Africa and discovered the southern tip. He called it the Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama sailed round the Cape of Good Hope to become the first European to reach India.

5. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
You are only allowed 2 marks for background information. So when you are writing about Columbus’ voyage of discovery, keep background information brief. Example: Columbus was an Italian sailor who sailed for Spain. He believed the world was round and that if he sailed west, he would reach Cipango (Japan) and the Spice Islands. SEE HANDOUT

6. Pizarro conquered the Incas in Peru to exploit their silver mines.
The Conquistadores were the Spanish adventurers who conquered parts of the New World for Spain. Their aim was to steal resources, such as silver and gold.
Cortés conquered the Aztecs in Mexico to take their gold.
Pizarro conquered the Incas in Peru to exploit their silver mines.

7. RESULTS OF AGE OF EXPOLRATION - EUROPE
RISE OF EMPIRES
IMPORTANCE OF THE ATLANTIC
CONFLICT BETWEEN EUROPEAN POWERS
BETTER GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
NEW FOODS TO EUROPE

8. RESULTS OF AGE OF EXPOLRATION - EUROPE
DECAY OF EMPIRES
EUROPEAN CULTURE
SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY
SLAVERY

9. THE REFORMATION

10. CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION
RESULTS
WEALTH OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
INFLUENCE OF THE RENAISSANCE
ABUSES
THE POWER OF PRINCES & KINGS
THE PRINTING PRESS

11. RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES
FINDING OUT ABOUT GOD
SALVATION
SACRAMENTS
CLERGY
HEAD OF THE CHURCH
CHURCH SERVICES
CATHOLIC BELIEFS
THE BIBLE AND THE TEACHINGS OF THE CHURCH
FAITH AND GOOD WORKS
SEVEN SACRAMENTS
CLERGY WERE SPECIALLY EDUCATED & CANNOT MARRY
THE POPE
MASS IN LATIN
LUTHER’S BELIEFS
THE BIBLE
BY FAITH ALONE
TWO SACRAMENTS – BAPTISM & EUCHARIST
ANY CHRISTIAN CAN BE CLERGY – CLERGY CAN MARRY
PRINCES & KINGS
IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE

13. THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND & IRELAND
Henry VIII wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn. The Catholic Church wouldn’t allow this, so he introduced the Act of Supremacy to make him head of the Church of England. The ascendancy of his son Edward and daughters Mary and Elizabeth saw religious persecution in England as they changed between Catholic and Protestant.

14. The COUNCIL OF TRENT was organised by the Catholic Church as part of the Counter-Reformation. They decided the following:
FAITH (beliefs)
DISCIPLINE (rules)
Faith and good works were necessary for salvation.
The word of God was found in the Bible and teachings of the Church.
Seven sacraments.
Priests were special people; they could not marry.
Simony, nepotism, pluralism were banned.
Catholics must be taught from a catechism ( a book with questions and answers about the Church’s teachings).
Images of Christ, Mary and saints to be placed in churches.
This resulted in the CATHOLIC RELIGION becoming the most
important in Europe but increased divisions between
Catholic and Protestant.

15. RELIGIOUS ORDERS
Igantious Loyola founded the JESUITS as a Catholic religious order that was organised like an army.
Francis Xavier was a famous JESUIT missionary who travelled to India and Japan.

16. IRELAND AROUND 1500
The king of England was Lord of Ireland but had little power.
The Pale – area under English control – ran from Dundalk to Dalkey.
Anglo-Irish lords – descended from the Normans. E.g. The Fitzgeralds of Kildare.
Gaelic Irish lords – native Irish lords who followed Brehon law. E.g. The O’Neills of Tyrone
BREHON LAW – This was Gaelic law. Under Brehon law, the chief (or Taoiseach) was elected from the derbhfine (royal family).

17. PLANTATIONS AND RULERS
What was a plantation?
Land was confiscated from rebellious chiefs and lords.
The land was given to loyal settlers or planters.
The planters would use English law, language and customs.
PLANTATION
RULER
Laois-Offaly
Queen Mary
Munster
Queen Elizabeth
Ulster
James I

18. WHO SETTLED IN ULSTER? KING JAMES I TRUSTED IRISH
UNDERTAKERS
Scottish lords who settled and brought servants and people with them.
SERVITORS
Ex-soldiers who were granted land for their service.
TRUSTED IRISH
Irish who swore loyalty to the king.

19. UNDERTAKERS
1. An undertaker who got acres promised to build a stone courtyard called a bawn. It looked like this.
3. An undertaker who got acres promised to build a bawn and castle. It looked like this.
2. An undertaker who got 1500 acres promised to build a large stone house in the bawn. It looked like this.

20. UNDERTAKERS
Other Promises 1. The most important promise was to bring in at least 10 families of planters from England and Scotland.
2. He had to keep a stock of arms in his house.
3. An Undertaker had to make two other promises:
He must not allow any Irish farmers settle on his land.
He must pay £5.33 for every 1,000 acres he got.

21. Art thou rich...?
Hurry and you...shall do God and your Prince excellent service
Art thou a tradesman, a Smith a Weaver, a Mason, or a Carpenter?...
You will be in demand and get rich quickly.
Art thou a gentleman that likes to hunt?
There are plenty of foxes, wolves and stags and lots of open space. There will be plenty of feasting.
Art thou a minister of God’s word?...
Hurry, hurry, there are thousands of untaught ignorant people waiting for you. You will be made an Archangel in the next world.
This advertisement identifies the people needed for the Ulster Plantation.
The most successful settlement was in Derry, where London guilds called the Vinters settled an estate.

22. TOWNS & CITIES
Towns were important in the Ulster plantation. They were places where:
planters could buy and sell goods.
planters could go if the Irish attacked them.
courts could try people who broke the king's law.
The following people lived there:
M_____ and c_________ who built houses for the planters.
S_____ who made tools.
C_______ who made shoes.
W______ who made cloth.
T______ who made clothes.

23. TOWNS & CITIES
Many of the towns had the same layout, which was centred around the square or the Diamond.
The most important buildings were on the square

24. THE IRISH IN ULSTER
About 10% of Irish chiefs were allowed to keep their land. They were known as the ‘Trusted Irish’ because of their loyalty to the king. They had to follow English law and customs.
Undertakers kept on many Irish tenants during the plantation of Ulster because they needed a workforce. They were given the worst land and had the highest rent.
The kernes (soldiers) who fought for the Irish chiefs who fled in the Flight of the Earls had no work. They resented the settlers and attacked their land and animals.