1. 1984
George Orwell

2. What influences you?

3. Who is George Orwell ?
George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Blair, a British political novelist and essayist whose pointed criticisms of political oppression propelled him into prominence toward the middle of the twentieth century.

4. Who is George Orwell ? II
Born in 1903 to British colonists in Bengal, India, Orwell received his education at a series of private schools, including Eton, an elite school in England.
His painful experiences with snobbishness and social elitism at Eton, as well as his intimate familiarity with the reality of British imperialism in India, made him deeply suspicious of the entrenched class system in English society.

5. Who is George Orwell ? III
Inspired by Jack London’s 1903 book The People of the Abyss, which detailed London’s experience in the slums of London, Orwell bought ragged clothes from a second-hand store and went to live among the very poor in London.
After reemerging, he published a book about this experience, entitled Down and Out in Paris and London.

6. Who is George Orwell ? IV
He later lived among destitute coal miners in northern England, an experience that caused him to give up on capitalism in favor of democratic socialism.
As a young man, Orwell became a socialist, speaking openly against the excesses of governments east and west and fighting briefly for the socialist cause during the Spanish Civil War, which lasted from 1936 to 1939.

7. Changed by War
During the Spanish Civil War, he witnessed firsthand the nightmarish atrocities committed by fascist political regimes.
The rise to power of dictators such as Adolf Hitler in Germany and Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union inspired Orwell’s mounting hatred of totalitarianism and political authority.
Orwell devoted his energy to writing novels that were politically charged, first with Animal Farm in 1945, then with 1984 in 1949.

8. Changed by War II
Unlike many British socialists in the 1930s and 1940s, Orwell was not enamored of the Soviet Union and its policies, nor did he consider the Soviet Union a positive representation of the possibilities of socialist society.
He could not turn a blind eye to the cruelties and hypocrisies of Soviet Communist Party, which had overturned the semifeudal system of the tsars only to replace it with the dictatorial reign of Joseph Stalin.

9. Changed by War III
Orwell became a sharp critic of both capitalism and communism, and is remembered chiefly as an advocate of freedom and a committed opponent of communist oppression. His two greatest anti-totalitarian novels—Animal Farm and 1984—form the basis of his reputation. Orwell died in 1950, only a year after completing 1984, which many consider his masterpiece.

10. Animal Farm
A “fairy story” in the style of Aesop’s fables, it uses animals on an English farm to tell the history of Soviet communism.
Certain animals are based directly on Communist Party leaders: the pigs Napoleon and Snowball, for example, are figurations of Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky, respectively.

11. 1984
Orwell had witnessed the danger of absolute political authority in an age of advanced technology. He illustrated that peril harshly in 1984.
Like Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932), 1984 is one of the most famous novels of the negative utopian, or dystopian, genre.

12. 1984 II
Unlike a utopian novel, in which the writer aims to portray the perfect human society, a novel of negative utopia does the exact opposite: it shows the worst human society imaginable, in an effort to convince readers to avoid any path that might lead toward such societal degradation.

13. 1984 III
Of course, the world that Orwell envisioned in 1984 did not materialize.
Rather than being overwhelmed by totalitarianism, democracy ultimately won out in the Cold War, as seen in the fall of the Berlin Wall and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s.

14. Or did it???

15. Implantable chips…

16. 1984 IV
Regardless of your view on whether or not Orwell’s world has happened, 1984 remains an important novel, in part for the alarm it sounds against the abusive nature of authoritarian governments, but even more so for its penetrating analysis of the psychology of power and the ways that manipulations of language and history can be used as mechanisms of control.

17. Communism & Control
Next Week:
October Revolution of 1917