1. Is the development gap widening or becoming narrower – what do you think?
Remember....the development gap is :
.. is the difference in levels of social well-being and economic development between the poorest and the richest people on the planet
... is the divide between rich and poor or the ‘haves’ and the ‘have-nots’
... can exist on different scales
... involves social and economic differences

2. Using Worldmapper 2 Map 171 – Wealth Growth
Territory size shows the proportion of worldwide growth in wealth that occurred there between 1975 and 2002
Source: © Copyright 2006 SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan)

3. Using Worldmapper 3 Map 172 – Wealth Decline
Territory size shows the proportion of worldwide decline in wealth that occurred there between 1975 and 2002
Source: © Copyright 2006 SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan)

4. Using Worldmapper 4 Map 173 – Human Development
Territory size shows the proportion of worldwide human development of the total world population (population multiplied by Human Development Index), found there.
Source: © Copyright 2006 SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan)

5. Using Worldmapper 5 Map 175– Development Increase
Territory size shows the proportion of worldwide human development that occurred there between 1975 and 2002 (calculated by multiplying human development index by population)
Source: © Copyright 2006 SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan)

6. Using Worldmapper 6 Map 176 – Development Decrease
Territory size shows the proportion of worldwide human un-development that occurred there between 1975 and 2002 (calculated as the fall in Human Development Index multiplied by population)
Source: © Copyright 2006 SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan)

7. Is the development gap widening or becoming narrower – what do you think?
Yes – the development gap is narrowing, the world is becoming a better place
No – the development gap is widening and the world is not becoming a better place
Both – the development gap is widening and narrowing at the same time; it is different in different places

8. The development gap – the evidence
Narrowing
There has been global development, particularly in Asia
Many poorer countries, like China and India, are industrialising
Widening
Development in much of Africa has lagged behind, although the percentage of people in poverty has decreased actual numbers have increased as population has grown
Worldwide, one billion people live on less than US$1 dollar a day
There is an urban–rural divide in many countries, like Mexico
Economic growth is increasing the divide between extreme wealth and poverty in some countries, like Brazil
The gap between rich and poor people living in both richer and poorer countries is growing
The development gap has narrowed for some people but not for others

10. The Development Gap
Why does it exist?

11. Causes of the Development Gap - Economic
1. Trade
2. Level of Savings
3. Fiscal Trap and Debt
Other causes
3. Political – Corruption
4. Environmental - Physical Environment
5. Social - Demographic Trap

12. Trade and development
Trade is important to development, because it generates income.
Least developed countries play a limited role in trade:
LDCs tend not to be part of trade blocs, so their exports are subject to tariffs
LDCs often export commodities, the price of which fluctuates wildly (see graph)
Cheap commodity export earn few Dollars, but Dollars have to be used to import manufactured good – this creates poor terms of trade (see picture)
Much of the value of the products we buy is added outside the country which supplied the raw materials
The 49 least developed countries account for only 0.9% of world trade, but have over 700 million people

13. 1. Trade Some countries benefit more from free trade than others.
Dependency Theory – Development of MEDCs promotes the underdevelopment of LEDCs and LLEDCs
This is because the value of most goods, products and services are added in MEDCs – means less wealth in developing countries
Seen with production of cocoa in Ghana and the Ivory Coast - farmers only received 40-50% of the market value of unprocessed cocoa beans, a tiny amount compared to the final price sold for in MEDCs
MEDCs can also use their financial power to negatively influence trade in developing countries. For example, US cotton subsidies keep the global price 6-14% lower, without this, West African farmers would earn additional income enough to cover the healthcare costs of 6-10 people for a year

14. Core – Periphery theory
Dependency theory

15. Trade and investment
Where do most primary products come from and where do they end up?
How might this be changing recently in terms of
- manufacturing locations
- Geographical trade flow changes

16. Terms of trade Page 146 handout
1. What are terms of trade and how are they changing?
2. What does this mean for
a. the income of a poor exporting country?
b. Local people needing primary products in that country?

17. Coffee – example of trade pattern
Why is it known as black gold?
Which players benefit and which lose out from the current trade pattern?
Draw two coffee cups, one full of environmental impacts the fluctuation in prices has led to. The other social impacts.

18. Recap
How does trade affect the development gap T R A D E

19. 2. Level of Savings
Can have significant impact on potential for sustained economic growth
Those in poverty cannot save as they need income to sustain life (subsistence)
World Bank figures show that those in the least developed countries only save 10 % of their income compared to 25 % in the most developed countries.

20. 3. Fiscal Trap (Debt)
Governments can lack finance to pay for improvements in services and infrastructure due to need to repay debt.
In Malawi 9.6 % of countries GDP goes towards repaying debt compared to 4.6 % on healthcare.
This discourages FDI which further prevents economic growth. Furthermore, SAPs emplaced by the IMF to counter debt can tend to negatively impact other areas – leading some to claim that they harm more than help

21. What is this showing us?
How is it linked to development?

22. Starter: Which of the following countries are HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries)
Iraq
Senegal
Kenya
Egypt
Madagascar
Thailand
Mongolia
St. Lucia
Bolivia
Zambia
Kyrgyzstan
Ghana
Libya
Afghanistan
Peru
Tanzania
Honduras
Indonesia
The Gambia
Botswana

23. Starter: Which of the following countries are HIPC (Heavily Indebted Poor Countries)
Senegal
Kenya
Madagascar
St. Lucia
Bolivia
Zambia
Kyrgyzstan
Ghana
Afghanistan
Tanzania
Honduras
The Gambia

24. Geofile – 3rd World debt

25. Explain why they have ended up in so much debt using a flow diagram
What are HIPCs?
Explain why they have ended up in so much debt using a flow diagram

26. 4. Politics
Government can fail to invest in infrastructure or allows corruption to rise to levels that impair economic activity.
Zimbabwe political corruption left the economy in deep crisis with rapid inflation deindustrialisation and shortages of fuel and food. This has led life expectancy to fall from 60 in 1990 to 39 in 2008.

27. 5. Physical Environment
Can pose specific problems to people and act as catalysts to other factors which generate poverty.
Climate change offers serious threat to developing countries are less able to respond such as Bangladesh where climate change is predicted to have devastating impact on crops with yields falling by up to 30 %. Serious threat to people’s livelihoods and food security
Sudan – severe drought has put pressure on people’s ability to subsist and survive

28. 6. Demographic Trap
High fertility and rapid population growth can put a strain on infrastructure and services. This often occurs in areas of high levels of poverty due to high infant mortality, lack of state welfare and low levels of education.
Bangladesh 3 Million added to the population each year which has put great strain on the resources and of the economy to meet the need of the rising number of people, 50 % below poverty line.

29. In conclusion…
Combination of factors, yet those relating to economics hold more importance.
This is because it is economics that impacts upon all aspects of development –it is needed to ensure good social development i.e. in healthcare and education
Also, the non-economic factors tend to see importance in their ability to impact upon economics i.e. issues in the physical environment or with demographics limit successful economic growth

30. The development gap in Uganda
A2 Geography
The development gap in Uganda
Understanding the reasons why Uganda is really poor
17/09/2018

38. Indicator UK
Uganda
Population
61 million
31 million
Area
244,820 km sq
236,040 km sq
Resources
Coal, gas, oil
Copper, cobalt, H.E.P, fertile volcanic soil
GDP (PPP)
$33238
$1454
Life expectancy 79
49.7
Access to safe water
100%
60%
Fertility rates
1.8
6.8
Secondary education (girls)
17%
HDI
0.946
0.505

39. Reasons for poverty in Uganda:
Economic: Economy
Debt
Political: Government
Social: Health
Education

40. 1) Economy –
What is the Ugandan economy based on? (pg 184)
(why is this a problem?)
2) Debt –
How did Uganda end up in so much debt? (pg 186)
3) Government –
What is the history of government in Uganda? (pg 186)
4) Health –
What is the quality of health in Uganda? (pg 184)
How does this effect Ugandan development?
5) Education –
What is the level of education like in Uganda? (pg 185)

41. Plenary: Rank the five main reasons in order from 1 to 5
1 being the main reason for Ugandan poverty,
5 being the least important reason 1 2 3 4 5
Justify your ranking

42. Using examples, explain the causes of the development gap (15)
Peer mark essay using template sheet
Using examples, explain the causes of the development gap (15)
Using Uganda as an example - Causes:
Environmental factors – diseases and climate issues
Government history (colonialism and Idi Amin)
Type of economy based on primary products and exports *
Health care factors including HIV/AIDS *
Educational standards *
Debt and SAPs *
* Denotes self reinforcing cycle

43. Using examples, explain the causes of the development gap (15)
Peer mark essay using template sheet
Using examples, explain the causes of the development gap (15)
Level
Descriptor 4
13-15 A
Well- Balanced Carefully structured. Genuine assessment with supporting evidence; cogent discussion of the issue. Explanations are always clear. Geographical terminology is used with accuracy. Grammar, punctuation and spelling errors are very rare. 3
9-12
B-C
Balanced. Structure is good. Varied ideas and examples provided. Sound understanding of the issue; some terminology present in an account which uses some examples effectively; implied assessment. Descriptive language is precise. Explanations are always clear. Geographical terminology is used with accuracy. Grammar, punctuation and spelling errors are rare. 2
6-8
D-E
Poorly balanced. Structure is satisfactory.; likely to agree with the statement and provide some evidence to support it, but limited depth Descriptive language generally accurate. Explanations are clear, but there are areas of less clarity. Geographical terminology is used with some accuracy. There are some grammar, punctuation and spelling errors. 1
1-5
1-4 U
Un-balanced. Structure is poor or absent. A few ideas only; a basic understanding of the question and a few examples mentioned briefly. Generalised. Descriptive language is basic. Explanations are over simplified and lack clarity. Geographical terminology is rarely used with accuracy. There are frequent grammar, punctuation and spelling errors.