1. Warm-up
On your own sheet of paper, answer the following prompt using complete sentences and what you have learned about territorial morphology.
Why is there so much conflict over the US/Mexican border? How could the issue about immigration be resolved?

2. Boundaries A State is separated from its neighbors by a boundary.
Boundaries are invisible lines marking the extent of a state’s territory.
The process of selecting their location is often difficult.

3. Creation of Boundaries.
Definition- When a legal document is drawn up on exact location
Delimitation- When cartographers put boundaries on the map
Demarcation- when a boundary is marked by posts, fences, walls, pillars, etc.
Administration- enforcement of a boundary by a government

4. Types of Boundaries
Geometric Boundaries- Straight line boundaries unrelated to the physical landscape

5. Types of Boundaries
Natural-Political boundaries- Physical features that divide states such as rivers, lakes, seas, etc.

6. Types of Boundaries
Cultural boundaries- Boundaries formed by the location of dominant language or religious barriers.

7. Genetic (evolution of) Boundaries
Antecedent boundaries- existed before human cultures developed into their current forms. Usually physical boundaries. (example- Native Americans and the Ohio River)

8. Genetic (evolution of) Boundaries
Subsequent boundaries- grow to divide space as a result of human interaction and negotiation after significant settlement has occurred.
Example US and Canada boundary b/c it was drawn up after both states were settled. \

9. Genetic (evolution of) Boundaries
Superimposed Boundaries- Are forcibly put on a landscape by outsiders, such as invaders or an organization like the UN.
Example- Israel’s boundaries superimposed by UN in 1948.

10. Genetic (evolution of) Boundaries
Relic Boundary- ceases to function as a boundary anymore but is still present.
Example- Berlin Wall, Great Wall of China

11. Frontier
A frontier is a zone where no state exercises complete political control.
A tangible geographic area unlike a boundary.
Last true frontier- Antarctica

12. Who own’s Antarctica?

13. Ocean Boundaries
How much of a claim can a country make on the waters that touch its borders?
UNCLOS (United Nations convention on the Law of the Seas)- created guidelines on sea boarders

14. UNCLOS Provisions
Coastal states can stake their claims to the sea up to 12 nautical miles form their shorelines. However, ships have the right to pass through these waters.
A coastal state can claim up to 200 nautical miles of territory beyond its shoreline as an Exclusive Economic Zone, over which that state has economic control, to explore and mine natural resources that may be in the waters.
Median-line principle- When there is not enough space to have a 200 mile exclusive economic zone two countries must equally split the area.

15. UNCLOS map

16. Types of Boundary Disputes
Definitional boundary dispute- is a fight over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract.
Example- Russo-Japaneese dispute over boundaries surrounding northern Japanese islands.

17. Diagram of a border

18. Types of boundary disputes
Location Boundary Disputes- conflict over the location of a boundary.
The conflicting parties agree on the definition of the boundary, but not on where that definition exists on the earth.
Often occurs when the definition includes a desert like Saudi-Arabia and Yemen.

19. Types of boundary disputes
Operational boundary dispute- a conflict over the way a boundary should operate or function.
Example- two states might disagree about allowing migration across their respective borders. Illegal trafficking is usually involved in these disputes.

20. Types of boundary disputes
Allocation Boundary Disputes- A fight over resources that my not be divided by the border, such as natural gas reserves beneath the soil.
Example- Iraq vs. Kuwait over oil reserves

22. More Characteristics
Enclaves- a territory whose borders are entirely within the boundaries of another territory
Exclaves- is a territory legally attached to another territory with which it is not physically contiguous

23. Case Study: The Mexican/US Border 30 Days: Immigration
Border Conflict
Case Study:
The Mexican/US Border
30 Days: Immigration

24. Review these Boundary Terms with a Partner
Frontier
Subsequent
Antecedent
Relic
Geometric
Definition
Administration

25. Territorial Morphology

26. Ethnonationalism and Conflict
Ethno-nationalism is a powerful emotional attachment to one’s nation that is a minority within a state.
When minority nations feel they do not have enough self-determination conflicts occur

27. Ethnonationalism and Conflict
Irredentism is a movement to reunite a nation’s homeland when a part of it is spread into another state’s borders.

28. Strategic Manipulation of States
Sometimes a buffer state or zone is used to try to calm two conflicting states or prevent them from further violence.
A buffer state is an independent country located between two larger countries that are in conflict.
Example: Mongolia separates Russia and China.

29. Mongolia-a buffer state

30. Strategic Manipulation of States
A buffer zone exists when two or more countries sit between to larger countries in conflict.
Example Eastern Europe after WWII separated Capitalist Western Europe from Communist Soviet Union.

31. Strategic Manipulation of States
Satellite states are countries controlled by another, more powerful state.
Example:Poland during cold war

32. Strategic Manipulation of States
Shatterbelts are a state or group of states that exist within a sphere of competition between larger states.
Often states in a shatterbelt are victims of invasion, boundary changes and poor economic development.

33. Domino Theory
The idea of Shatterbelts led to the “Domino Theory” causing the Cold War to intensify.