1. Amand Faessler, Erice September 2014
Can we look back to the Origin of our Universe? Cosmic Photon, Neutrino and Gravitational Wave Backgrounds.
Amand Faessler,
Erice September 2014
With thanks to: Rastislav Hodak,
Sergey Kovalenko, Fedor Simkovic;
Publication: arXiv: [nucl-th];
arXiv: [nucl-th] July 2014 and accepted by
EPJ Web of Conferences vol. 71; to be published J. Phys. G 2014.

2. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Cosmic Neutrino Background
Cosmic Gravitational Wave Background
1) Decoupling of the photons from matter about
years after the Big Bang, when the electrons are captured by the protons and He4 nuclei at a Temp. of about 3000 Kelvin.
The universe was then neutral. Photons move freely.

3. Planck Satellite Temperature Fluctuations Comic Microwave Background (Release March 21. 2013)

4. Gravitational Waves are Quadrupole Oscillations of Space not in Space.
On 18. March 2014 the BICEP2 Collaboration published in the arXiv: v2 [astro-ph.CO]
Fingerprint of the Gravitational Waves of the Inflationary Expansion of the Big Bang in the Cosmic Background Radiation.
Gravitational Waves are Quadrupole Oscillations of Space not in Space.

5. BICEP2 Detector
at the South-Pole

6. 1.5 to 4 degrees;
ℓ=40 𝑡𝑜 110

7. 2) Estimate of Neutrino Decoupling
Universe Expansion rate: H=(da/dt)/a
~ n Interaction rate: G= ne-e+<svrelative>
H = 8π𝐺ρ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙/3 = O( T2) [1/time]
~ (1/a3) <GF2 p2 c=1> ~ T3 <GF2 T2c=1> ~ GF2 T5 [1/time]
with: Temperature = T ~ 1/a = 1/(length scale); ℎ𝑏𝑎𝑟 = h/(2p) = c = 1
Stefan-Boltzmann

9. How can one detect the Cosmic Neutrino Background?
Electron-Neutrino
capture on Tritium.

10. 3. Search for Cosmic Neutrino Background CnB by Beta decay: Tritium
Kurie-Plot of Beta and induced Beta Decay: n(CB) + 3H(1/2+)  3He (1/2+) + e-
Infinite good resolution
Q = keV
Resolution Mainz: 4 eV
 mn < 2.3 eV
Emitted electron
Resolution KATRIN: eV
 mn < 0.2 eV 90% C. L.
Electron Energy
Fit parameters:
mn2 and Q value meV
2xNeutrino Masses
Additional fit: only intensity of CnB

11. Tritium Beta Decay: 3H 3He+e-+nce

12. Neutrino Capture: n(relic) + 3H 3He + e-
20 mg(eff) of Tritium  2x1018 T2-Molecules: Nncapture(KATRIN) = 1.7x10-6 nen/<nen> [year-1]
Every years a count! for <nen> = 56 cm-3

13. Problem: 56 e-Neutrinos cm-3 too small
Gravitational Clustering of Neutrinos estimated by Y. Wong, P. Vogel et al.:
nne(Galaxy) = 106*<nne> = cm-3
1.7 counts per year
Increase th source strength: 20 micrograms  2 milligrams
170 counts per year  every second day a count
Speakers of KATRIN:
Guido Drexlin and Christian Weinheimer

14. 20 microgram  2 milligram Tritium
Such an Increase of the Tritium Source Intensity is with a KATRIN Type
Spectrometer is difficult,
if not impossible!

15. Three important Requirements:
The Tritium Decay Electrons are not allowed to scatter with the Tritium Gas.
2) The Magnetic Flux must be conserved in the
whole Detection System.
3) The Energy resolution must be of the order
of 1 eV.

16. The decay electrons should not scatter by the Tritium gas.
Only 36% have
not scattered
Source
Beam
Magnetic Field
3.6 Tesla
Tritium Gas
Optimal Density slightly below r*dfree /2
Troitsk: 30%; Mainz: 40%; KATRIN: 90%

17. 2) Conservation of Magnetic Flux
If one cant increase the intensity per area, increase the area by factor 100 from 53 cm2 to 5000 cm2.
Magnetic Flux:
(Ai=5000 cm2) x (Bi=3.6 Tesla) =
Tesla cm2 = Af x (3 Gauss);
Af = m2  diameter = 97 meters

19. 3) Energy resolution of DE~ 1 eV
Energy resolution: Ef(perpend.) = Efp = DE

20. Angular Momentum of the Spiraling Electrons must be conserved
Energy resolution: Ef(perpend.) = Efp = DE = 1 eV
L = |r×𝐩|∝ m = const ∝ 𝐸𝑖𝑝 𝐵𝑖 = 𝐸𝑓𝑝 𝐵𝑓
L ~ [ 𝑒𝑉 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 ]i =[ 1 𝑒𝑉 𝐵𝑓 ]𝑓  Bf = 3 Gauss

21. 20 microgram  2 milligram Tritium
Such an Increase of the Tritium Source Intensity with a KATRIN Type Spectrometer is difficult, if not impossible.

22. Summary 1 The Cosmic Microwave Background allows to study the Universe
years after the BB.
The Cosmic Neutrino Background
1 sec after the Big Bang (BB).
The Cosmic Background of Gravitational Waves
10-31 Seconds in the Big Bang

23. Summary 2: Cosmic Neutrino Background
Average Density: nne = 56 [ Electron-Neutrinos/cm-3]
Katrin: 1 Count in Years
Gravitational Clustering of Neutrinos nn/<nn> < 106
and 20 micrograms Tritium  1.7 counts per year.
(2 milligram 3H 170 counts per year. Impossible ?)
THE END
2. Measure only an upper limit of nn
Kurie-Plot
Electron Energy
Emitted electron
2xNeutrino Masses

24. Cyclotron Radiation Detection of Tritium Decay Electrons. Phys. Rev
Cyclotron Radiation Detection of Tritium Decay Electrons. Phys. Rev. D80 (2009)