1. Northern Renaissance

2. Less of a break from the medieval world
Fusion between old and new
Renaissance culture spread quickly with the new printing press and along trade routes

3. The printing press… Developed by Johannes Gutenberg
1456 – he produced a printed edition of the Bible
Books printed before 1501 are referred to as incanabula (cradle works)

4. Northern Humanism
Used the same tactics of textual analysis and criticism as the Italians
Their emphasis tended to be on Christian readings
Northern Humanism is referred to as Christian humanism

5. Christian Humanists… Critical of the Catholic Church’s abuses
Wished to maintain the unity of Christianity
Urged reform that would rescue the church

6. Northern Spirituality
Obsessed with securing eternal life
Negative effect – indulgences, relic veneration, pilgrimages
Positive effect – desired a meaningful experience with God
Mysticism – bridge gap between oneself and God by meditation, prayer, and acts of devotion

7. Renaissance in the Low Countries
Humanism
Johann Reuchlin – visited Italy and upon his return to Germany, urged that university curricula be expanded
Brethren of the Common Life – founded by Gerard Groote

8. Literature
Thomas a Kempis – wrote the Imitation of Christ
Erasmus – wrote In Praise of Folly, which ridiculed many attitudes of his time – also published an edition of the New Testament in Greek

9. Erasmian humanism – belief that the Christian religion offered humanity sound guidelines for its moral conduct – religion and learning were bound together

10. Art
Van Eycks – Jan and Hubert – developed the use of oil paints
Bosch – created many fantasy worlds
Pieter Brueghel – pained religious subjects and landscapes
Matthias Grunewald – religions works
Holbein the Younger - portraits

11. Renaissance in France Humanism
King Francis I established the College de France in Paris
Literature
Rabelais wrote satirical fantasies
Montaigne won fame as an essayist

12. Art
Chateaux were
built

13. Renaissance in England
Humanism
During the 15th century, humanism began to take hold in England
By the early 16th c. the study of Greek and Latin had been added to the curriculum at Oxford and Cambridge

14. John Colet organized a new school at St
John Colet organized a new school at St. Paul’s, which emphasized Greek and Latin
Thomas More – wrote Utopia which describes an imaginary island where there is an ideal cooperative society

15. Literature
Chaucer – first important figure during the English Renaissance
Elizabethan Literature –
Edmund Spenser
Christopher Marlowe
Shakespeare
Jonson

16. Renaissance in Spain Humanism
Cardinal Francisco Ximenes de Cisneros – urged improvement in the education of the clergy – established the University of Alcala

17. Literature
Cervantes – wrote Don Quixote
Lope de Vega – became known as a dramatist

18. Art and Architecture
Domenicos Theotocopoulis – El Greco – paintings reflected mysticism
The Escorial – Palace of Philip II