1. Human Geography By James Rubenstein
Chapter 7
Key Issue 2
Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities?
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2. It comes from the Latin word nasci, which means “to have been born.”
Nationality
The identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country.
It comes from the Latin word nasci, which means “to have been born.”
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3. Ethnicity vs. Nationality
People of the same ethnicity share religion, language, and material culture.
In the U.S., nationality is generally kept reasonably distinct from ethnicity and race in common usage.
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4. Groups identified by distinct ancestry and cultural traditions.
Ethnicity
Groups identified by distinct ancestry and cultural traditions.
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5. The Quebecois In Canada
French Canadians, or Quebecois, share language, religion, and other cultural traditions that are distinctly different from the Anglo-Canadians.
The Quebecois form a distinct ethnicity within the Canadian nationality or a second nationality.
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6. Rise of Nationalities
Descendants of 19th century immigrants to the U.S. from Central and Eastern Europe identify themselves by ethnicity rather than by nationality.
U.S. officials recorded the nationality of immigrants, but immigrants considered ethnicity more important.
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7. The U.S. forged a nation out of a collection of ethnic groups.
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8. To be an American meant believing in the "unalienable rights" of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."
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9. The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.
Self Determination
The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.
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10. During the 19th and 20th centuries, political leaders have attempted to organize Earth’s surface into a collection of nation-states.
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11. Nation-State
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.
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12. The territory of a state rarely corresponds precisely to the territory occupied by an ethnicity.
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13. Nation-States in Europe
During the 19th century, ethnicities were transformed into nationalities throughout Europe
Most of Western Europe was made up of nation-states by 1900.
Following World War I, many European boundaries were redrawn according to the principle of nation-states.
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14. During the 1930s, Nazi Germany claimed that all German-speaking parts of Europe constituted one nationality and should be unified into one state.
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15. Denmark: No Perfect Nation-States
The territory occupied by the Danish ethnicity closely corresponds to the state of Denmark.
The southern boundary with Germany does not divide Danish and German nationalities precisely.
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16. Denmark’s Territories
Denmark controls two territories in the Atlantic Ocean that do not share Danish cultural characteristics-the Faeroe Islands and Greenland.
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17. Greenland
Denmark controls Greenland, which is the world’s largest island.
Only 13% are considered Danish.
In 1979 Greenlanders received more authority to control their own domestic affairs.
One decision was to change all place names in Greenland from Danish to the local Inuit language.
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18. Greenland’s new name is Kalaallit Nunaat.
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19. The loyalty and devotion to a nationality.
Nationalism
The loyalty and devotion to a nationality.
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20. Nationalism
A nationality must hold the loyalty of its citizens to survive.
Nationalism typically promotes a sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others.
Mass media is the most effective means of fostering nationalism.
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21. Most countries regard an independent source of news as more of a risk than a benefit to the stability of their government.
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22. States foster nationalism by promoting symbols of the nation-state, such as…
Flags and
Songs
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23. The word centripetal means “directed toward the center.”
Centripetal Force
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.
The word centripetal means “directed toward the center.”
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24. Means to spread out from the center.
Centrifugal Force
Means to spread out from the center.
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25. A state that contains more than one ethnicity.
Multiethnic States
A state that contains more than one ethnicity.
Belgium is a nation divided among Dutch-speaking Flemish and French-speaking Wallons.
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26. Multinational States
A state that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination that agree
to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities such as the United Kingdom.
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27. The United Kingdom
A multinational state, the United Kingdom contains four main nationalities; England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
Today the four nationalities hold little independent political power, although Scotland and Wales now have separately elected governments.
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28. Multiethnic Problems
Ethnicities do not always find ways to live together peacefully.
In some cases, ethnicities compete in civil wars to dominate the national identity.
In other cases, problems result from confusion between ethnic identity and national identity.
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29. Former Soviet Union
The world’s largest multinational state, was an especially prominent example until its collapse in the early 1990s.
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30. September 17, 2018
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31. The 15 Republics
The republics that once constituted the Soviet Union are now independent countries.
The Soviet Union’s 15 republics were based on the 15 largest ethnicities.
With the breakup, less numerous ethnicities are now divided among more than one state.
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32. The newly independent states consist of five groups,
3 Baltic,
3 European,
5 Central Asian,
3 Caucasus, and
Russia.
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33. Baltic Nation-States
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania had been independent countries between 1918 and 1940.
Lithuania most closely fits the definition of a nation-state; 81% are ethnic Lithuanians.
These three countries have clear cultural differences and distinct historical traditions.
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34. Baltic Nation-States
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35. European Nation-States
To some extent, the republics of Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine now qualify as nation-states.
Belarusian and Ukrainians became distinct ethnicities because they were isolated from the main body of Eastern Slavs--the Russians--during the 13th and 14th centuries.
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36. European Nation-States
Crimean Peninsula
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37. Crimean Peninsula 2/3rds of the population are Russians.
Crimea voted to become independent of Ukraine.
The Soviet Union's largest fleets were stationed there.
Russia and the Ukraine agreed jointly maintain the naval base and ships at Sevastopol.
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38. The Tartars
166,000 Tatars have migrated to Crimea from Central Asia in recent years.
The Tatars once lived in the Crimea, but the Soviet leadership deported them to Central Asia.
The Tatars prefer to be governed by Ukraine.
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39. Moldova Moldavians are ethnically indistinguishable from Romanians.
In 1992, many Moldavians pushed for reunification with Romania, but it wasn’t simple.
The Soviet government transferred a sliver of land from the east bank of the Dniestria to Moldova.
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40. Inhabitants of east bank of the Dniester River are Ukrainian and Russian, who oppose Moldova's reunification with Romania.
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41. Central Asian States
The five states in Central Asia carved out of the former Soviet Union display varying degrees of conformance to the principles of nation-state.
Together the five provide an important reminder that multinational states can be more peaceful than nation-states.
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43. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan
77% of Turkmenistan are Turkmen, with ethnic Turkmen are split between Turkmenistan and Russia.
80% of Uzbekistan are Uzbek, with Uzbeks split between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
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44. Kyrgyzstan 52% Kyrgyz, 18% Russian, and 13% Uzbek.
The Kyrgyz-Muslims who speak an Altaic language-resent the Russians for seizing the best farmland.
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45. Kazakhstan
Twice as large as the other four Central Asian countries combined.
The country is divided almost evenly between Kazakhs and Russians, a recipe for conflict.
Kazakhstan has been peaceful, in part because it has a somewhat less depressed economy than its neighbors.
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46. Tajikistan 65% Tajik, 25% Uzbek, and only 3% Russian.
Suffers from a civil war among the Tajik people.
The civil war has been between Tajiks who are former Communists and an unusual alliance of Muslim fundamentalists and Western-oriented intellectuals.
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47. Russia Now the Largest Multinational State.
Officially recognizes the existence of 39 nationalities, many of which are eager for independence.
Russia's ethnicities are clustered in two principal locations.
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49. Ethnicities in Russia
Ethnicities are clustered either in the center of Russia or on its borders.
Most were conquered by the Russians in the 16th century.
Independence movements among the ethnicities are flourishing.
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50. Chechnya Chechnya was brought under Russian control in the 1800s.
When the Soviet Union broke up, the Chechens declared independence.
If Chechnya gains independence other ethnicities will follow suit.
The region contains deposits of petroleum.
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51. Russians in Other States
Decades of Russian domination has left a deep reservoir of bitterness among other ethnicities once part of the Soviet Union.
Russian soldiers have remained stationed in other countries, in part because Russia cannot afford to re-house them.
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52. Russians in Other States
Other ethnicities fear the Russians are trying to reassert dominance.
Russians claim that they are now subject to discrimination as minorities in countries that were once part of the Soviet Union.
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53. Russians living in other countries of the former Soviet Union feel that they cannot migrate to Russia, because they have no jobs, homes, or land awaiting them there.
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54. Turmoil in the Caucasus
The Caucasus region gets its name from the mountains that separate Russia from Azerbaijan and Georgia.
Home to several ethnicities, who have a complex set of grievances against each other in the region.
Every ethnicity wants to carve out a sovereign nation-state.
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57. Azeris (or Azerbaijanis)
Azeris trace their roots to Turkish invaders in the 8th and 9th centuries.
An 1828 treaty allocated northern Azeri territory to Russia and southern Azeri territory to Persia (now Iran).
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58. Azeris (or Azerbaijanis)
Azeris make up 90% of the country's total population.
Another 6 million Azeris are clustered in northwestern Iran.
Iran restricts teaching of the Azeri language.
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59. Armenians
More than 3,000 years ago Armenians controlled an independent kingdom in the Caucasus.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Armenians were killed in a series of massacres organized by the Turks.
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60. Armenians Others were forced to migrate to Russia.
After World War I the allies created an independent state of Armenia, but it was soon swallowed by its neighbors.
Turkey and the Soviet Union divided Armenia.
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61. Armenians The Soviet portion became an independent country in 1991.
More than 90% of the population in Armenia are Armenians.
Armenians and Azeris have been at war with each other since 1988 over the boundaries between the two nationalities.
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62. Georgians
The population is more diverse than that in Armenia and Azerbaijan.
The Abkhazians in the north want an independent state, while the Ossetians in the south want to rejoin Russia.
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64. Revival of Ethnic Identity
Ethnic identities never disappeared in Africa, where loyalty to tribe often remained more important than loyalty to the nationality.
Europeans thought that ethnicity was an insignificant relic, but were wrong.
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65. Ethnicity and Communism
From 1945 until the early 1990s, attitudes toward communism and economic cooperation were more important political factors in Europe than the nation-state principle.
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66. The Communist government of Bulgaria repressed cultural differences by banning the Turkish language and the practice of some Islamic religious rites ... to remove ... obstacles to unifying national support for the ideology of communism.
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67. Ethnicity and Communism
The administrative structures of the former Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia recognized the existence of ethnic groups.
Local governments were designed to coincide as closely as possible with the territory occupied by the most numerous ethnicities.
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68. Rebirth of Nationalism in Eastern Europe
Breakup of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia give more numerous ethnicities the opportunity to organize nation-states.
Less numerous ethnicities exist as minorities in multinational states, or divided among more than one of the new states.
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69. Rebirth of Nationalism in Eastern Europe
Especially severe problems have occurred in the Balkans.
Bulgaria's Turkish minority pressed for more rights.
Minority ethnicities in the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia opposed the long-standing dominance of the more numerous ethnicities.
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70. The relatively close coincidence between the boundaries of the Slovene ethnic group and the country of Slovenia has promoted the country's relative peace and stability, compared to other former Yugoslavian republics.
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71. Rebirth of Nationalism in Eastern Europe
Sovereignty has brought difficulties in converting from Communist economic systems and fitting into the global economy.
But problems of economic reform are minor compared to the conflicts where nation-states could not be created.
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