1. The Making of Industrial Society
Chapter 29

2. Intro: Patterns of Industrialization
Economic transformation: agrarian, handicraft-centered  industry, machine manufacturing
Technological and organizational changes

3. Foundations of Industrialization
Mid-1700s preindustrial conditions:
high agricultural production
Large population (= labor)
Occupational specialization
Navigable rivers and canals
Cities with financial institutions and people with capital to invest
Access to and use of natural resources
First: Great Britain

4. Natural Resources and Raw Materials
Needed fuel source: wood use caused deforestation
Switched to coal -> iron prod., steam engines
Needed land to produce raw materials
Depended on Americas for cotton, sugar, etc. (plantation economies also created markets for European goods)

5. Cotton Textiles
Demand for Indian cotton textiles (over wool) was increasing -> Parliament passed the Calico Acts to try to stop imports
Demand increased -> British cotton textiles industry
Had to speed up production (spinning and weaving) -> inventions (flying shuttle, mule, power loom, and esp. the steam engine)

6. Iron and Steel
1700s: Benefitted from new technology and led to more mechanization
By using coke (instead of coal) more iron was produced and prices dropped
Used in machinery, but also bridges, buildings, ships, etc.
1800s: steel (harder and stronger, but more expensive)
By late 1800s: steel had
become cheaper to make
and replaced iron

7. Transportation
Steam engines plus iron/steel -> improvements in transportation technology
Steam-powered locomotive, steamships
-> lowered transp. costs, linked remote areas, carrying cargo and passengers, and encouraged more industrialization

8. The Factory System Early modern: putting-out (cottage industry)
1600s-1700s: proto-factories (larger, wind or water power)
Late 1700s: factories (British textile industry)
Bigger for machinery and workers
Relied on cheap labor and task-orientated division of labor
Required close supervision
and discipline

9. Factory Working Conditions
Led to development of two classes:
Owner class: owned capital which financed equipment and machinery
Worker class: sold their labor for wages, any artisanal skills became obsolete, work was rote and boring, disconnect between labor and product of labor
Very different from rural farm life: nature’s schedule to clocks and machines’ pace
Supervisors stressed discipline
and pace and punishments for slow work
No concern for safety

10. Industrial Protest Some protested: Luddites, 1811-16
Handicraft workers
Destroyed machinery
Gained popular support
Some hanged by the government

11. The Early Spread of Industrialization
British government tried to keep industrialism from spreading: forbade export of machines, technology, skilled workers
Didn’t work; industrialization spread to western Europe and North
America (sometimes
through bribery,
smuggling, and
kidnapping)

12. Industrialization in Western Europe
By mid-1800s: France, Germany, and Belgium
Aided by French Rev. and Napoleonic wars which had abolished trade barriers and dismantled guilds)
Belgium: coal, iron, textiles, glass, armaments
France: textiles and metallurgical industries (improvements -> railroad boom -> economic development)
Germany (slower, due to disunity): coal and iron -> railroads
Post-unification: gov’t sponsored industry (heavy industry and big businesses)

13. Industrialization in North America
U.S. had land and resources, but few laborers or capital -> got both from Europe
1820s: lured British textile workers to NE factories (using southern cotton)
1870s: iron and steel
By 1900: U.S. is economic
powerhouse (once
transportation
costs decreased)

14. Industrial Capitalism
Mass production: interchangeable parts, assembly line -> increase in productivity and decrease in prices
Big business: using model of joint-stock companies, businesses formed so individuals could invest
The Corporation: by late 1800s, controlled most businesses requiring large investments of land, labor, or machinery
Also, investment banks, brokerage
firms to serve industrial capitalists

15. Industrial Capitalism (cont.)
Some corporations tried to eliminate competition
Monopoly: when one company is the only supplier of a specific commodity
Trust: business formed to create monopoly (may form vertically or horizontally)
Cartel: small group of businesses who agree to fix prices, regulate production
Some governments outlawed
these practices by the end of
the 1800s (remember, capitalism
requires competition!)

16. Intro: Industrial Society
Material benefits: inexpensive manufactured products, increased standard of living, and increasing population
Also, social changes: migration (internal and external), new social classes, new patterns of family and work life
Calls for reform, esp. socialism

17. Industrial Demographics
Efficient production -> affordable goods -> increasing material standard of living
E.g., clothing – people could afford more than 1 outfit (even underwear!)
E.g., food – as transportation costs decreased, food became more affordable
E.g., other items became more available and attainable: furniture, porcelain, decorative items

18. Industrial Demographics (cont.)
Changing patterns of fertility and mortality
Pre-indust. rev.: high fertility and high mortality = little change
Early indust. rev.: high fertility and lower mortality (due to medicine/vaccines/sanitation/ nutrition) = population increase
Later indust. rev.: low fertility (due to birth control) and low mortality = even population
Birth control: male condom (1600s: animal intestines, 1800s: latex); because child cost more in industrial society and more would survive

19. Urbanization and Migration
Many migrated from the county-side to urban areas for work
Urban Environment: lots of water and air pollution form factories, plus lack of sanitation in crowded cities -> disease
Wealthy lived in growing suburbs
working poor lived in shoddy housing in city centers, esp. overcrowded tenements
By late 1800s: gov’ts were trying to
fix problems with municipal water
supplies, sewer systems, building
codes, parks and recreational facilities

20. Transcontinental Migration
Population growth in Europe led to migration to U.S. (=population growth)
Many expected to return (some did, most didn’t)
Early 1800s: from Britain
Mid-1800s: Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia
Late 1800s: eastern and southern Europe
For various political, social, and/or economic reasons
Labor  U.S. industrialization

21. Industry and Society: Changes in Social Structure
New industrialist/business person class overshadowed the traditional aristocracy
Middle class: managers, professionals, skilled employees
Working class: factory
workers and miners
Slave class disappeared

22. Industrial Life
Family Changes: more distinction between work and family life, less contact with family
Upper/Middle Class Work and Play: public/private dichotomy (male/female), internalized work ethic (even at home), tried to force middle class values (work ethic, respectability, morality) on working classes
Working Class work and play: popular sports, gambling, drinking, animal fighting, absenteeism

23. Women Upper/middle class women: expectations as mothers and wives
Working class women: earned less, many worked as domestics, but some in factories/mines (small hands and fingers)

24. Child Labor Many worked in industrial jobs Faced abuse, long hours
Families needed their wages
By 1840, Parliament began passing child labor laws and eventually outlawed them from working in factories
= redefinition of the role of children due to moral concerns and the need for skilled/educated labor -> compulsory education

25. The Socialist Challenge
Critics of industrialism; wanted to fix economic and social problems (esp. wealth gap and exploitation of workers) -> economic equality
First, through utopian communities: model communities where everyone would work at what suited them
E.g., New Lanark: Scottish mill town, raised wages, built housing, opened store with fair prices, built schools = expensive, but made profits
Impact: cooperative industry, critique of capitalism, advocacy for education; but, others tried and failed

26. Marx and Engels Changing tactic: organize workers -> equality
Capitalism -> social problems (capitalists v. proletariat)
State-supported competition -> exploitation of proletariat
Religion, arts also supported capitalism because it distracted proletariat

27. Marx and Engels (cont.)
Aligned with communists who wanted to abolish private property and stressed egalitarianism
Wrote Communist Manifesto: capitalism will end due to overproduction, under consumption, and diminishing profits
Proletariat would overthrow the system in a socialist revolution -> dictatorship of the proletariat -> withering away of the state -> egalitarian society
Support grew: some were revolutionary, or evolutionary (political parties)

28. Social Reform
Socialism influenced gov’ts to address issues: laws on work hours for children and women
= state starts to become responsible for social and economic welfare of its people
By late 19th century: retirement pensions, minimum wage, insurance, regulation of hours and conditions
Trade unions formed to represent workers: sought higher wages, better conditions; held strikes -> violence in some cases

29. Global Effects of Industrialization
Impact = spread of industrialism (Europe, N.A., Japan) + use of raw materials (cotton, rubber, etc) from pre-indust. Societies
But, they weren’t in control of export
Plus, import of cheap manufactured goods form Europe hurt local economies

30. Global Effects of Industrialization
Some areas began to specialize in production and export + foreign capital + labor-> economic development -> industrialization
Other areas that received no capital did not industrialize
Exported cash crops on plantations owned by foreigners -> profits went abroad -> little econ. dev.

31. International Division of Labor
Some produced raw materials, while others processed and consumed them
-> increasing world trade volume, transportation, and technology
Only British, North Americans, and Japanese were really benefitting