1. PFT and COPD

2. Bell work What is the average NORMAL range of breaths per minute?
How do you count breaths per minute?

3. Bell Work Answers
12-24 BPM
Rise and fall of chest , 30 seconds x 2

4. Standard
10) Review the gross and cellular anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system and explain the ventilation process. Develop an exercise program and a rehabilitation plan for a patient/client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and one who is training for a marathon, based on their respective respiratory needs. Compare and contrast these plans to justify the components included.

5. Objectives By the end of class students will:
Understand spirometer measurement
Respiratory Diseases

6. How long do you think your body could exist without Oxygen?

7. FUN FACTS
We need oxygen to survive. After about 4 minutes without oxygen, brain cells begin dying which can lead to brain damage and ultimately death
Disorders of the respiratory system are usually treated by a pulmonologist and respiratory therapist.

8. Respiratory Sounds Sounds are monitored with a stethoscope
Bronchial sounds – produced by air rushing through trachea and bronchi
Vesicular breathing sounds – soft sounds of air filling alveoli
Slide 13.31
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9. Neural Regulation of Respiration
Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the phrenic and intercostal nerves
Neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the medulla
The pons appears to smooth out respiratory rate
Normal respiratory rate is 12–24 respirations per minute
Slide 13.36
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10. Neural Regulation of Respiration
Figure 13.12
Slide 13.37
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11. Key Terms Eupnea - normal quiet breathing, 12-24 breaths per minute.
Tachypnea: Fast/Shallow breathing, Build up CO2 in lungs and blood stream
Ex. asthma, lung dz., pulmonary embolism (blood clot in lungs) choking, heart failure, heat stroke
Hyperpnea: Fast/Deep breathing
Increased depth to meet metabolic demands of body tissues
Ex. During exercise, lack of O2 (high altitude), anemia (low Hg. O2 in blood.
Hyperventilation – increase minute volume of pulmonary ventilation in excess of the need for oxygen. CO 2 decreases.
Someone hysterical Breathe into
exertion paper bag.

12. Key Terms
Hypoventilation - breathing at an abnormally slow rate, resulting in an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. Apnea - temporary cessation of breathing at the end of normal expiration. Dyspnea – Difficult Breathing

13. What are non-respiratory air movements?

14. Nonrespiratory Air Movements
Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions
Examples
Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of debris
Laughing
Crying
Yawn
Hiccup
Slide 13.25
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15. Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
1. Physical factors
Increased body temperature
Exercise
Talking
Coughing
2. Volition (conscious control)
3. Emotional factors
Slide 13.38
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16. Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
4. Chemical factors
Carbon dioxide levels
Level of carbon dioxide in the blood is the main regulatory chemical for respiration
Increased carbon dioxide increases respiration
Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the medulla oblongata
Slide 13.39a
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17. Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
Chemical factors (continued)
Oxygen levels
Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery
Information is sent to the medulla oblongata
Slide 13.39b
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18. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Normal breathing moves about 500 ml of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV])
Many factors that affect respiratory capacity
A person’s size
Sex
Age
Physical condition
Residual volume of air – after exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in the lungs
Slide 13.26
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19. Respiratory Capacities
Figure 13.9
Slide 13.30
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20. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
Approximately 1200 ml
Slide 13.27a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Vital capacity
The total amount of exchangeable air
Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity= TV+ IRV + ERV+RV
Slide 13.28
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22. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Respiratory capacities are measured with a spirometer
Slide 13.29
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23. Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)
group of tests that measure how well your lungs work.
includes how well you’re able to breathe and how effective your lungs are able to bring oxygen to the rest of your body.

24. Incentive Spirometer practice taking deep breaths opens your airways
prevent fluid or mucus from building up in your lungs
make it easier for you to breathe.

25. Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory System
asthma
A severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of bronchioles
 bronchitis
Inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles
emphysema
A condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to lose their elasticity
pneumonia
Caused by the bacteria, pneumococcus. A condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing the exchange of gases
lung cancer
An irregular & uncontrolled growth of tumors in the lung tissue

26. Measurement of Lung Capacity
Figure 10.10A

27. COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. Progressive means the disease gets worse over time.
COPD can cause coughing that produces large amounts of a slimy substance called mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and other symptoms.

28. COPD Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Major causes of death and disability in the United States
Slide 13.40a
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29. COPD Features of these diseases
Most victims retain carbon dioxide, are hypoxic and have respiratory acidosis
Do not give these patients too much O2
Giving too much oxygen removes this stimulus to breathe, and thus reduces the removal of CO2 from the lungs
Those infected will ultimately develop respiratory failure
Slide 13.40c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

30. COPD Features of these diseases
Patients almost always have a history of smoking
Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe
Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
Slide 13.40b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

31. What is COPD?

32. COPD Causes Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD.
Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke.
However, up to 25 percent of people with COPD never smoked. Long-term exposure to other lung irritants—such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dusts—also may contribute to COPD.
A rare genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency can also cause the disease

33. Cost of smoking
Research the cost of smoking ½, 1, 2 packs per day (PPD) for 20 years (research the info you need - # of cigarettes in a box, cost per box, etc)
Research the amount of years taken off of your life if every cigarette takes 7-11 minutes off of your life (find the range)