1. Athens Sparta Glorified the individual & extended political rights
Military virtues & discipline

2. Sparta: A Warrior Society
Dorian invaders settled & developed city-state or Sparta
Turned conquered people into slaves (helots)
Brutal & strict control
Peloponnesus

3. Sparta
Government
Two Kings and a council of elders that acted as advisers to them.
Assembly of citizens (males native born Spartans over the age of 30) approved major decisions.
Five ephors, or officials ran the daily affairs.

4. Sparta Male Daily Life Newborn children examined
If sickly, abandoned to die
Wanted future soldiers
Boys started training at 7 (Lifetime in military)
Moved to barracks
Diet, hard exercise, and harsh discipline created strong soldiers
At 20, men could marry but still had to live in the barracks until 30, & eat there until they were 40.

5. Expected to produce strong warriors
Spartan women
Expected to produce strong warriors
Required to exercise and strengthen their bodies
They had to obey their husbands and fathers.
But, could inherit property
Ran family estates when men were at war
Spartan Life
They did not trade
and forbade travel.
They believed there was
no need for wealth.
Little use for arts or new ideas
“Spartans are willing to die for their city, because they have no reason to live.”

6. Athens

7. Tyrants: People who gain power by force
Athenian governments were led by a series of tyrants
Imposed reforms
Gained support from merchants and poor
Council of 500
Legislature, a law making body that debated laws before approving or rejecting them.
Comprised of male citizens
Democracy
Only citizens could participate and only landowning men were considered citizens
Women, merchants, and slaves were not allowed
507 bc
Cleisthenes
Limited democracy

8. Athenian Women and Education
Women played significant role in religion
Most managed households & stayed secluded
Poor women worked outside of home
Girls did not attend school, boys did if their families could afford it.
Reading, writing, poetry, public speaking,
and music were all important subjects.
Athens encouraged men to explore many areas of knowledge

9. Hera: Queen of gods & goddesses
Forces for Unity
Greeks were polytheistic
Gods lived on Mount Olympus
Zeus was the God of Sky and the most powerful of all the gods.
Hera: Queen of gods & goddesses
Wife & sister of Zeus

10. Zeus’ children Ares: God of war Aphrodite: goddess of love
Athena: goddess of wisdom

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12. Forces for Unity
Greek city-states
Independent rivals
BUT same language, heroes, festivals, & gods
Barbaroi- a term the Greeks used to describe people who did not speak Greek
Greeks felt superior to everyone else.

13. Section 3: Conflict in the Greek World Persian Warsbc
The Persian Wars
Battle at Marathon
The Persians had a much larger army than Athens. However, the Greeks were able to beat the Persians.
After the death of the Persian leader Darius I, his son Xerxes, sent a larger Persian army to attack the Greeks.
Battle at Thermopylae
Sparta and Athens joined together. King Leonidas led the Spartan army but the Persians defeated them and continued marching until they reached and burned Athens, the Athenians had already left the city though.

14. Section 3: Conflict in the Greek World
The Persian Wars
Greeks won
Brief moment of unity
Increased their own sense of uniqueness
Athens emerged as most powerful city-state

15. Delian League Athens began creating alliances with other city-states.
Alliances are formal agreements between two or more nations to come to each others defense.

16. Age of Pericles and Direct Democracy
Athenian Golden Age
( bc)
Pericles led a direct democracy where citizens took part in all parts of the government.
All men were able to participate in the government and receive a stipend, or salary for doing so.
Culture Thrives
Parthenon-temple to Athena was built on the Acropolis.
Athens became cultural center of Greece

17. Peloponnesian War 431-404bc Peloponnesian League Sparta v Athens
fought for 27 years
Sparta allies with Persia & wins
Athens, no longer dominated the Greek world
But remained cultural center

18. Section 4: The Glory That Was Greece
Philosophers: Lovers of Wisdom
Socrates
Athenian stonemason and philosopher.
Socratic method
Lead people to self-knowledge
Condemned to death when 70 years old
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”

19. Workers, soldiers, & philosophers
Plato
Socrates student
Set up the Academy, a school where he taught and wrote about rational thought
Distrusted democracy
Most famous book was The Republic
Described ideal state lead by philosopher-king
Ideal state:
Workers, soldiers, & philosophers

20. Aristotle
Plato’s most famous student
set up a school, the Lyceum
Golden Mean- good conduct and a middle ground between the extremes.

21. Greek Architecture Plato: every object on Earth has an ideal form
Parthenon

22. Greek Literature Classical style Began with Homer Drama Tragedies
Inspired later writers
Drama
Tragedies
Comedy

23. Section 5: Alexander and the Hellenistic Age
Alexander was 20, when he took over for his assassinated father Phillip II.
Alexander wanted to conquer the Persian empire. The emperor, Darius III was weak and there were rebellions often.
For 11 years, Alexander marched east conquering cities never losing a battle. ,After being gone for so long, his troops wanted to turn back, he died at 32 from a fever before ever making it back home.

24. The Legacy of Alexander
Even after his death, his legacy was the Greek culture that reached all parts of his empire.
Many cities were named after him, with many temples and statues as citizens assimilated or absorbed Greek ideas.
The Hellenistic civilization is a mixture of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian culture.
Alexandria, Egypt was a cultural captial with museums, a zoo, a library and more focusing on knowledge.
Women were learning to read and write, be philosophers and even reign with power, Queen Cleopatra VII is one example.

25. Hellenistic Arts and Sciences
Pythagoras: A formula to calculate the relationship of the sides of a right triangle.
Astronomers had many ideas and discussions about the Earth’s location, axis, size, and shape.
Archimedes: Used physics to make inventions and he mastered the lever and pulley.
Hippocrates: A physician that studied illnesses and worked to find cures. The Hippocratic oath that doctors take today, is similar to one that he swore to.