1. The New
Genetics
Part B

2. PCR-Polymerase Chain Reaction-
Can be used to make many copies of a particular piece of DNA.
1. At one end of a piece of DNA that needs to be copied, a short piece of DNA that is complementary to a part of the sequence.
2. At the other end another short piece of complementary DNA is added. These added pieces are called “primers”. Primers provide a place for the DNA polymerase to attach.
3. Heat the DNA, break the H bonds make the DNA single stranded.
4. The primers now attach to the ends of the single stranded DNA. DNA polymerase now attaches to the primers and makes copies of complementary to the single stranded DNA chain.
5. The cycle will start over again-

3. PCR-Polymerase Chain Reaction-
Can be used to make many copies of a particular piece of DNA.
1. At one end of a piece of DNA that needs to be copied, a short piece of DNA that is complementary to a part of the sequence.
2. At the other end another short piece of complementary DNA is added. These added pieces are called “primers”. Primers provide a place for the DNA polymerase to attach.
3. Heat the DNA, break the H bonds make the DNA single stranded.
4. The primers now attach to the ends of the single stranded DNA. DNA polymerase now attaches to the

4. primers and makes copies of complementary to the single stranded DNA chain.
5. The cycle will start over again-

6. Genetic engineering is the introducing of new genes into different organisms. Usually bacteria or yeast cells are used.
1. Extract plasmids from bacterial cells. Use a plasmid with a marker so that one can tell if the bacterial cell took the plasmid up or not. i.e. one that is resistant to an antibiotic like amplicilin.
2. Find gene of interest that is needed to be replicated.
3. Cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme so it has sticky ends
4. Cut gene of interest with same restriction enzyme.

7. Genetic engineering is the introducing of new genes into different organisms. Usually bacteria or yeast cells are used.
1. Extract plasmids from bacterial cells. Use a plasmid with a marker so that one can tell if the bacterial cell took the plasmid up or not. i.e. one that is resistant to an antibiotic like amplicilin.
2. Find gene of interest that is needed to be replicated.
3. Cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme so it has sticky ends
4. Cut gene of interest with same restriction enzyme.

9. Electron micrographs of actual plasmids

10. 5. Mix the gene and the plasmid
5. Mix the gene and the plasmid. Some of the plasmids will bond with the gene of interest.
6. Mix the mixture with bacterial cells.
7. To help the cells take the plasmid up, they are made "competent" by keeping them on ice and adding CaCl. (increases porosity of cell membrane).
8. Plate the cells on agar with amplicilin.
9. Those that have taken up the plasmid will grow and those that have not will die.

11. 5. Mix the gene and the plasmid
5. Mix the gene and the plasmid. Some of the plasmids will bond with the gene of interest.
6. Mix the mixture with bacterial cells.
7. To help the cells take the plasmid up, they are made "competent" by keeping them on ice and adding CaCl. (increases porosity of cell membrane).
8. Plate the cells on agar with amplicilin.
9. Those that have taken up the plasmid will grow and those that have not will die.

13. Transgenic Plants-
Plants that have new genes introduced to them from other species. Many of the genes are natural insecticides so that crops do not have to be sprayed with insecticides. Transgenic rice is now grown that produces vitiamin A to help prevent certain blindness.
Transforming plants uses a bacterium that carries a plasmid that attacks plant cells causing a tumor. This plasmid has been modified so that it does not cause tumors but can carry other genes.

14. Transgenic Plants-
Plants that have new genes introduced to them from other species. Many of the genes are natural insecticides so that crops do not have to be sprayed with insecticides. Transgenic rice is now grown that produces vitiamin A to help prevent certain blindness.
Transforming plants uses a bacterium that carries a plasmid that attacks plant cells causing a tumor. This plasmid has been modified so that it does not cause tumors but can carry other genes.

16. Transgenic animals-
Animals have eggs that are large enough that DNA genes can often be injected directly into an egg’s nucleus. Enzymes in the nucleus will fuse the genes into egg’s DNA. The genes are attached to marker (glowing) genes to ensure that the genes are incorporated in the animal’s DNA. Below are transgenic mice that glow.

17. Transgenic animals-
Animals have eggs that are large enough that DNA genes can often be injected directly into an egg’s nucleus. Enzymes in the nucleus will fuse the genes into egg’s DNA. The genes are attached to marker (glowing) genes to ensure that the genes are incorporated in the animal’s DNA. Below are transgenic mice that glow.

18. Cloning animals-In 1997 Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep
Cloning animals-In 1997 Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep. The lamb was genetically identical to its mother. The cell that donated the DNA came from the sheep’s udder. These cells were grown and then nutrients were removed. The udder cells became embryonic. The nucleus was removed and put into the egg from another’s sheep. The egg was stimulated to start dividing and then placed into a foster mother who actually gave birth to the lamb (Dolly).

19. Cloning animals-In 1997 Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep
Cloning animals-In 1997 Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep. The lamb was genetically identical to its mother. The cell that donated the DNA came from the sheep’s udder. These cells were grown and then nutrients were removed. The udder cells became embryonic. The nucleus was removed and put into the egg from another’s sheep. The egg was stimulated to start dividing and then placed into a foster mother who actually gave birth to the lamb (Dolly).