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Published bySherman Harrison Modified over 6 years ago
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Summation in muscle fibers means that ___________
of the fiber increases with repeated action potentials.
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Action potentials are propagated from the surface to the interior of a muscle fiber by way of:
A. the sarcomeres. B. the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. the endomysium. D. the myofibrils. E. the T tubules.
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A cell membrane is referred to as a fluid-mosaic because:
A. it is made up of mostly water B. it contains many different molecules that are weakly bonded to one another C. it contains proteins that keep the phospholipids locked rigidly together D. it permits no molecules to pass into or out of the cell E. its structure is still a mystery to biologists
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After the oxidation of glucose is complete, the carbon that was formerly part of glucose is now a part of _______. A. the electron transport chain. B. NADH C. H2O D. CO2 E. ATP
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At the END of the electron transport chain, the electrons:
A. are transferred back to NAD+ to make NADH. B. are transferred back to FAD to make FADFH2 C. combine with H+ and oxygen to make water. D. combine with carbon and oxygen to make CO2. E. Both A and B are correct.
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Which of the following is not found in the thin
filaments of striated muscle? A. actin B. myosin C. troponin D. tropomyosin E. Ca+ receptors
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Design of Muscle Cellular/Tissue Level Organ Level Gettin’ Buff
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Myofibril
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Trade-offs in Muscle Design
You Can’t Always Get What You Want
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Trade-offs in Muscle Design
You cannot build a muscle cell that does it all! Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Determines speed of contraction
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Trade-offs in Muscle Design
You cannot build a muscle cell that does it all! Myofibrils Determines force of contraction
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Trade-offs in Muscle Design
You cannot build a muscle cell that does it all! Mitochondria Determines muscle stamina
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Constraints on Muscle Action
Anaerobic High Force Aerobic Low Force High Freq Low Freq
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Types of Muscle Fibers Mitochondria high low Capillaries high low
Structural Density Slow Oxidative Fast Gylcolytic Mitochondria high low Capillaries high low Glycolytic enzymes low high Myoglobin high low Glycogen stores low high Function Twitch slow fast Time to Fatigue long short
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Types of Muscle Fibers Oxidative Fiber Glycolytic Fiber Red color
Small diameter “Slow Twitch” Glycolytic Fiber Pale color Large diameter “Fast Twitch”
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What Determines Your Fiber Type?
Sprinter Marathon
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What Determines Your Fiber Type?
Weight training influences muscle development Sprinter Marathon
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What Determines Your Fiber Type?
Weight training influences muscle development Heavy Weight/Low Rep Low Weight/High Rep Sprinter Marathon
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What Determines Your Fiber Type?
Weight training influences muscle fiber development Heavy Weight/Low Rep Low Weight/High Rep Genes Sprinter Marathon
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Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers
Rapid ATPase in myosin Fatigue easily as glycogen storage is temporary Short-term, intense movement 50 % of a weighlifter’s muscle fibers are fast-twitch
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Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers
Slow ATPase in myosin Energy from oxidative phosphorylation High endurance 80% of a marathon runners fibers are slow-twitch Used for standing, walking
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Keith Richards and Prof. Storm
We share 1 trait in common
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Keith Richards and Prof. Storm
We share 1 trait in common Jon and I are keeping our options open
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Design of Muscle Cellular/Tissue Level Organ Level System Level
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Motor Units Neuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates.
Fine Control: Motor unit with few (~20) muscles Strength: Motor unit with many
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Design of Muscle Cellular/Tissue Level Organ Level Getting Buff’
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Exercise Influences Muscle Mass
Change in muscle fiber size No change in number of fibers More myofibrils in fibers Muscle overload and trauma
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Anabolic Androgenic Steroids
Synthetic testosterone Increase muscle mass Activate myogenesis genes Decrease muscle breakdown
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Muscular Dystrophy Muscle-destroying diseases Onset during childhood
Fat deposition in muscle Muscle fibers atrophy Respiratory failure
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