1. Peace At Any Price

2. Imperialism Alaska Hawaii Spanish American War (1898) Puerto Rico Guam
Philippines
Cuba
Platt Amendment
Great White Fleet
Open Door Policy
Panama Canal
Interventions in Latin America (1890’s through 1930’s)

3. A Shift Towards Isolationism- 1920’s & 1930’s Foreign Policy
Washington Conference ( ) and the 5 Power Naval Treaty
An attempt to move away from large navies
Small militaries = Smaller chance of war
Refusal to join the League of Nations
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
Outlawed war unless it was a defensive war
War Debt Policy
America insisted that war debts be paid
Major mistake…. Germany hyper-inflates its currency to pay off debts
Johnson Debt Default Act (1934)
US prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing anything from the US

4. FDR and Isolationism
FDR decided to withdraw from the rest of the world
London Conference (1933):
An attempt by the Europeans to encourage global trade and alleviate the worldwide depression
US pulls out of the conference and the crisis continues
Opens the door for dictators to come to power
Withdrawal From Asia
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934):
Gave the Philippines their independence in 12 years with favorable terms for the US
A very dark period ended in American history
Latin American intervention is ended with the Good Neighbor policy (1933)
Last troops left Haiti in 1934
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act does improve economic relations with Latin America

5. While America Withdraws….
Fascist Italy
Benito Mussolini
Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler
Communist Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin

6. Francisco Franco-Spain

7. Neutrality Acts
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, & 1937: when the president acknowledged a foreign war NO business could be done with the belligerent nations
Senator Gerald Nye
US would not even help innocent nations that were attacked
Ignored
Democratic Spain being attacked by fascists
China being invaded by Japan
Ethiopia invaded by Italy

8. FDR Gives His Quarantine Speech (1937)
Response to Japanese and Italian aggression
US pledged to stop interacting with these aggressive nations (embargos)
Panay Incident (1937)
American ship sunk by Japanese and the Americans merely accepted an apology

9. Appeasement Hitler demanded all German people live under one flag
“Britain and France had to choose between war and shame. They chose shame. They will get war too.”
Appeasement
Hitler demanded all German people live under one flag
Germany remilitarized
Rhineland was rearmed
Annexed Austria
Annexed Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)

10. Was appeasement a mistake at the time or the right decision?

11. Appeasement Leads to War
Hitler knew that Europe was weak…
Europe was ripe for the picking
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
Germany and Soviet Union (Russia) hate each other
Hitler doesn’t want a two front war
Soviet Union wants some of its territory back
Germany and Soviet Union agree to carve up Poland

12. War in Europe Germany invaded Poland (Sept 1, 1939)
Blitzkrieg: Lightning War
France and Great Britain declared war on Germany
WWII began…
Poland fell in one month
By 1940 Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, and France fall

13. Cash-and-Carry Policy (1939)
Neutrality Act of 1939 established the Cash-and-Carry policy
Cash-and-Carry Policy: US would sell war materials to the allies as long as they could pay for the materials and transport it themselves
At this point only 2.5% of Americans supported entering the conflict
FDR’s hands were tied
War business began to pull the US out of the Great Depression

14. Destroyers for Bases Deal (1940)
British was in horrible position when France fell
FDR does what he can to help
Destroyers-for-Bases Deal (1940)
50 destroyers for British bases
Major violation of neutrality
America First Committee led the fight to keep the US neutral
“Fortress America”

15. FDR Gets the Military Ready
FDR initiates a peacetime draft (1940)
1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves drafted and trained for war every year

16. Lend Lease Act of 1940 FDR won an unprecedented 3rd term
Lend Lease Plan
Great Britain could no longer pay US for war supplies
Plan said President could lend material to any nation whose defense was vital to the US
“Billions, not bodies”
“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”
Fire Hose Analogy
Isolationists were very much against this
By 1945, the US had lent $50 billion to the Allies

18. Unofficial War Begins (1941)
The Atlantic Charter
Churchill and FDR met and made a pledge
Post-War World: collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas
FDR privately ensured Churchill that the US will enter the war
Shoot on Sight
Unofficial fighting between the US and German navies
USS Greer was attacked by a U-boat and USS Reuben James was sunk by a U-boat (1940)
FDR instructed US Navy to engage German U-boats on sight
Formal Declaration of War seemed inevitable, but…