1. CHEMICAL BONDS Ionic & Metallic Bonding
Chemistry
Jacqueline P. Hancock, B.S., M.Ed

3. EQ1: How do atoms obtain stability?
Cornell Set up
EQ1: How do atoms obtain stability?
Cover page
Vocabulary foldable ~due 1/09/17

5. CHEMICAL BONDING Chemical Reactivity
THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE IS TO GO FROM HIGH ENERGY TO LOW OR FROM CHAOS TO STABILITY
ALL ATOMS NEED TO ACHIEVE STABILITY; UNLESS THEY ARE NATURALLY STABLE
Atoms will undergo chemical reactions to become stable.
ATOMS WILL OBEY THE OCTET RULE OF STABILITY

6. CHEMICAL BONDS A bond is an attachment among atoms Bonds occur due to
Sharing electrons
Losing electrons
Gaining electrons
Bonding depends on chemical properties such as electron configurations

7. THE EXCEPTIONS ARE H AND He

8. How many electrons per level?
Valence electrons

9. EQ 1 HOT Questions & Summary
Write Higher Order of Thinking Questions
1 level 1 question
2 level 2 questions
1 level 3 question
Write Summary of EQ 1.
Make sure you answered all of your HOT questions

10. How do we model valence electrons? How do metals achieve stability?
EQ2:
How do we model valence electrons?
How do metals achieve stability?

11. How do we find the valence e-
Valence e- are usually the only e- used in chemical bonds
The group number of representative elements is their valence electron #
Electron Dot Structures show valence e-
Lewis Structures
Electron Dot Diagrams

14. Dot Diagrams

16. Practice on Board!!
Draw the Lewis Structures in your INB

21. IONIC BONDING
Metals tend to lose electrons to make the outside ring(s) more stable
Non Metals tend to gain electrons to complete the outside ring
ION-a charged particle: an atom that is either positively or negatively charged

22. Cation + Anion

23. Cations Name of the cation is the same as the element
Cation formed by loss of e- by metals with valence e-
positive ion [+]
(protons)+(electrons)=charge
Properties of element and ion are different
Sodium reacts violently with water
Sodium ion is un-reactive
Most metals will readily form cations.
Low ionization energies to the left and bottom

24. Examples of Cations (Write the cations for group 1 &2)
Name of element
Cation
Cation Name
Lithium
Li+1
Lithium Ion
Sodium
Na +1
Sodium Ion

25. High electron affinities in the upper right hand portion
Anions
High electron affinities in the upper right hand portion

26. Add to notes table page 192

27. Transition elements Ag 1s22s23p63d104s24p64d105s1
e- gained or lost will vary between 2 or 3
Will not give up or take more than 3e-
Ions with charges >3 are uncommon
They will settle for pseudo noble gas configuration Ag
1s22s23p63d104s24p64d105s1
Two Possibilities Instead it loses
Kr or Xe e- to achieve outer
Lose 11 e- or gain 7e level and all other
This doesn’t happen!! orbitals filled

28. Pseudo-Noble Gas Configuration
Positive ion produced from loss of all valence electrons from a representative metal will have either:
Noble gas configuration(same configuration as a noble gas) ns2np6 or 1s2 for period 2
Pseudo-noble gas electron configuration the outermost shell has the configuration ns2np6nd10 example Zn s22s22p63s23p63d10

29. Oxidation numbers
How many electrons an atom gained, lost, or shared to become stable.
In Ionic compounds this number is the same as the charge of the ion
Group #
Oxidation #
Group 1 +1
Group 2 +2
Group 13 +3
Group 14 +4
Group 15 -3
Group 16 -2
Group 17 -1
Group 18

31. +2 or +3*

32. Chemical Formula Chemical Formula NaCl MgCl2 Formula Unit
Representing the smallest types and numbers of atoms in a substance
NaCl
MgCl2
Formula Unit
The lowest whole number ration of ions in an ionic compound
1:1
1:2

33. Which pairs will combine? Why or Why not? (INB-left pg) show your work
Cl, Br
Li, Cl
I, Na
O, S
Al, O
I, K
F, Cl

34. Identify the ions in the compounds-INB left page
CaF2
AlBr3
Li2O
Al2S3
KCl
MgBr2
BaSO4
Li2CO3
Make a table like this
Compound
Cation(+)
Anion(-)
K3N K+
N-3

35. EQ 2 HOT Questions & Summary
Write Higher Order of Thinking Questions
3 level 1 question
3 level 2 questions
1 level 3 question
Write Summary of EQ 2.
Make sure you answered all of your HOT questions

36. EQ3: How can you
describe the arrangement of atoms in a metal

38. Metallic Bonds and Metallic Properties
7.3
Metallic Bonds and Metallic Properties
The valence electrons of metal atoms can be modeled as a sea of electrons.
The valence electrons are mobile and can drift freely from one part of the metal to another.
Metallic bonds consist of the attraction of the free-floating valence electrons for the positively charged metal ions.

39. Metallic Bonds and Metallic Properties
7.3
Metallic Bonds and Metallic Properties
A force can change the shape of a metal. A force can shatter an ionic crystal.
A metal rod can be forced through a narrow opening in a die to produce wire. a) As this occurs, the metal changes shape but remains in one piece. b) If an ionic crystal were forced through the die, it would shatter. Interpreting Diagrams What causes the ionic crystal to break apart?

40. Metallic Bonds and Metallic Properties
7.3
Metallic Bonds and Metallic Properties
A metal rod can be forced through a narrow opening in a die to produce wire. a) As this occurs, the metal changes shape but remains in one piece. b) If an ionic crystal were forced through the die, it would shatter. Interpreting Diagrams What causes the ionic crystal to break apart?
Metals are ductile—that is, they can be drawn into wires.

41. Properties of Ionic Compounds
Have coordination numbers( # of ions of opposite charge that surround an ion in a crystal)
4 or 6 coordination # are the most common
Most are crystalline solids at room temp
High melting points
Conduct electric current when melted or dissolved

42. Crystalline Structure of Metals
7.3
Crystalline Structure of Metals
Crystalline Structure of Metals
How are metal atoms arranged?

43. Crystalline Structure of Metals
7.3
These tomatoes have a closed-packed arrangement. Similar arrangements can be found in the crystalline structure of metals.
These tomatoes illustrate a pattern called a hexagonal close-packed arrangement.

44. Crystalline Structure of Metals
7.3
Crystalline Structure of Metals
Metal atoms are arranged in very compact and orderly patterns.
Metal atoms crystallize in characteristic patterns. a) Chromium atoms have a body-centered cubic arrangement. b) Gold atoms have a face-centered cubic arrangement. c) Zinc atoms have a hexagonal close-packed arrangement. Inferring Which of these arrangements is the most closely packed?

46. Coordination Numbers
Create a table showing the name of the coordination and the number of surrounding atoms.(Left pg)
Linear
Triangular 3

47. Explain the importance of alloys
EQ3: How can you
Explain the importance of alloys

48. 7.3
Alloys
Alloys are mixtures composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.
Alloys are important because their properties are often superior to those of their component elements.

50. 7.3
Alloys
Alloys
Why are alloys important?

51. 7.3
Alloys
The most important alloys today are steels. Steels have a wide range of useful properties, such as corrosion resistance, ductility, hardness, and toughness.

52. 7.3
Alloys
Bicycle frames are often made of titanium alloys that contain aluminum and vanadium.
Bicycle frames are often made of titanium alloys that contain aluminum and vanadium.

53. EQ 3 HOT Questions & Summary
Write Higher Order of Thinking Questions
2 level 1 question
2 level 2 questions
1 level 3 question
Write Summary of EQ 3.