1. Nationalism and Realism
Chapter 22
Nationalism and Realism

2. Napoleon III
Revolution of 1848 resulted in new constitution, a president, and universal suffrage
Louis Napoleon, “Napoleon the Small”
Restored national suffrage, asked the people to reelect him for a term of 10 years, then asked to restore the empire
Controlled armed forces, police, civil service, introduce legislation, declare war
Encouraged industrial growth, roads, trains, Paris
Responded to criticism by liberalizing government
Legalized trade unions
Granted right to strike

3. French in Mexico France sent troops to dominate Mexican markets
British and Spanish removed their troops after Mexican- American War
Napoleon III appointed Archduke Maximilian of Austria “emperor” of Mexico
May 5, 1862: smaller Mexican force beat French in Puebla
May, 1867: Maximilian executed

4. Crimean War (1854-1856) Sale of Commissions
Lord Cardigan paid £40,000 for the Colonelcy of the stylish 11th Hussars.
Sale of Commissions
Crimean War ( )
Who would capitalize on the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
Russia’s proximity and religious bonds makes obvious choice
Other European powers feared Russian ambitions
Ottomans declared war on Russia in Oct. 1853
Britain and France declared war in March
Feared Russia would control the Dardanelles
Poorly planned and fought
Britain/France attacked Russia’s Crimean Peninsula and took Bessarabia
Nicholas I died, Alexander II sued for peace, Black Sea declared neutral

5. Effects of Crimean War 250,000 died – many from Cholera
Florence Nightingale saved many with “sanitary conditions”
Broke up long-standing power relationships
Destroyed Concert of Europe
Austria (who remained neutral) enemies with Russia now
Russia and Britain pull back from continental affairs

6. Italian Unification 1850: Austria still dominant power
Count Camillo di Cavour- PM of Piedmont
Pursued economic expansion, building roads, etc
Used money to equip army
Allied with Napoleon III to drive Austrians out
France would receive Nice and Savoy as thanks
Giuseppe Garibaldi – Italian patriot
Raised army of “Red Shirts,” attacked Bourbons in Sicily
Two Sicilies fell, Cavour cut off Garibaldi’s anticipated attack on Rome (which would have pulled in France)

7. AP EURO Mustache of the Year Nominee
Italian Unification
“Kingdom of Italy”
Plebiscites issued and the Papal States and Two Sicilies united with Piedmont on March 17,1861
King Victor Emmanuel II
Venetia still held by Austria
Rome under papal control, supported by French
Austrian-Prussian war of gave Venetia and Rome to the Kingdom of Italy
September 20, 1870: Rome becomes capital

8. German Unification Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister of Prussia
Realpolitik: politics based in practicality, not theories or ideals
Always made sure Prussia would only be fighting one power
Danish War (1864) Prussia and Austria won Schleswig and Holstein, created conflict between two powers
Austro-Prussian War (1866) – won Venetia's freedom, but didn’t punish Austrians, created North German Confederation

9. German Unification Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)
Bismark edited a letter to insult France
Prussia dominated France
Napoleon III captured – deposed
Third Republic begins!
France gave up Alsace and Lorraine
Southern German Confederation joined Northern Confederation to make German state

10. January 18, 1871 Hall of Mirrors in Versailles
William I (with Bismark at his feet) crowned Kaiser (emperor) of the Second German Empire
Achieved by Prussian monarchy & military
Germany merged into Prussia
Unease: “I am no devotee of Mars; I feel more attached to the goddess of beauty and the mother of graces than the powerful god of war”
German unification meant authoritarian, militaristic values over liberal, constitutional sentiments

11. Austria- from Authoritarian to Dualism
1848: serfdom abolished
1850: rise of industrial middle class
1859: Francis Joseph ( ) established a Reichsrat (parliament) with nominated upper house and elected lower house
Imperfect: ensured German majority, alienated Hungarians
1867: Ausgleich (compromise) created Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Each part of empire had a constitution, bicameral legislature, capital (Vienna & Buda – later Budapest)
Francis Joseph united two as emperor of Austria and Kind of Hungary, shared army and finances
Did not satisfy other minorities (Poles, Croats, Czechs, Serbs, etc)

12. Russia – backwardness lead to reforms
March 3, 1861: Alexander II emancipated serfs
Government provided land for peasants but nobles kept best, arable, land. Peasants expected to pay back government for land
Mir: village commune, collectively responsible for repayment to government -- tied peasants to land
Alexander Herzen ( )- Russian exile in London “Land and Freedom” believed peasant communes could be self-governing body
Populism: aim to create a new society through revolutionary acts of peasants
Some Populists turned to violence: assassinated Alexander II in 1881
Also considered the Tsar-Liberator in Bulgaria for fighting the Ottomans and liberating Bulgaria for the 1st time since 14th century
Considered “Good Czar Alexander in Finland for helping them elevate their language and gain autonomy from Sweden

13. Victorian Age
Liberal parliamentary system brought social and political reforms coupled with economic growth and improvements for working class
Queen Victoria ( )
Longest reign in British history
Duty and moral respectability reflected values of age
Tories  “Conservatives,” Whigs  “Liberals”
Benjamin Disraeli: (conservative) Reform Act of 1867
lowered monetary requirements for voting and enfranchised many urban males
William Gladstone (liberal) Education Act of 1870
Made elementary schools available for all children

14. Marxism
By the 1870s, industrialization was full “steam” ahead on the Continent
railroad stimulated growth in iron and coal
elimination of international trade barriers opened up the waterways
Joint-Stock Investment Banks mobilized capital for investment
Capitalist factory owners had control over hiring and firing and unions were largely ineffective

15. Capital: the motivating force of Capitalism is exploitation of labor
Marx and Marxism
The Communist Manifesto – 1848
Karl Marx: PhD in Philosophy, couldn’t teach due to atheism, moved to Paris as a writer
Friedrich Engels: worked in father’s factory in England, wrote The Conditions of the Working Class in England which described “wage slavery” of working class
Proletariat: the industrial working class
Should rise up, overthrow bourgeois masters
Form a dictatorship to reorganize the means of production
Classless society would emerge
“the proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains…working men of all countries, UNITE!”

16. A new age of Science Louis Pasteur- germ theory of disease
Pasteurization – heating a product to stop spoilage
Vaccination against rabies
Dmitri Mendeleyev- classified elements by atomic weights
Michael Faraday- electromagnetic induction, foundation for electricty
Materialism: everything mental, spiritual, or ideal was simply a result of physical forces
Truth was to be found in concrete material existence, not through feeling or intuition

17. Darwin (1809-1882) Naturalist on the HMS Beagle in 1831
Discarded notion of special creation
Natural Selection: plants and animals pass on traits that help the survive “survival of the fittest”
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
Organic evolution: all plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time
A struggle for existence, with one individual, against the whole species, or with physical conditions of life, leads to adaptation

18. Bonjour, Monsieur Gustav Courbet, 1854.
Francois Millet’s, The Gleaners,
Realism
Wanted to portray ordinary characters from real life rather than Romantic heroes in unusual settings
Avoided flowery sentimental language
Less poetry, more prose and novel
Madame Bovary (1857) – a woman wrapped up in Romantic ideals eventually succumbs to suicide
Vanity Fair: a Novel Without a Hero (1848)
Charles Dickens ( )
Gustave Courbet The Stone Breakers 1849