1. The World Between the Wars (1910–1939)
Lesson 4 New Forces in China and Japan

2. The World Between the Wars (1910–1939)
Lesson 4 New Forces in China and Japan
Learning Objectives
Explain the key challenges faced by the Chinese republic in the early 1900s.
Analyze the struggle between nationalists and Communists in China.
Summarize the effects of liberal changes in Japan in the 1920s.
Describe the rise of extreme nationalism and militarism in Japan.
Describe the impact of the Japanese invasion of China.

3. The World Between the Wars (1910–1939)
Lesson 4 New Forces in China and Japan
Key Terms
Twenty-One Demands,
May Fourth Movement.
vanguard,
Guomindang
Jiang Jieshi
Mao Zedong
Long March.
ultranationalists.
Manchuria.
Hirohito,

4. Trouble in the Chinese Republic
A new Chinese republic took shape after the fall of the Qing dynasty in Nationalists like Sun Yixian set the goal of “catching up and surpassing the powers, east and west.” But that goal would remain a distant dream as China suffered the turmoil of civil war and foreign invasion.

5. Trouble in the Chinese Republic
Struggles for Power
Sun steps down, China too divided, more loyalty to local areas
Warlords take control of local areas
Foreign Imperialism
China still dominated by foreign powers
Twenty-One demands-
The May Fourth Movement Seeks Reform
Wanted to modernize and westernize
Chinese Communism Is Born
Communist Russia trains Chinese Vanguard-

6. Trouble in the Chinese Republic
Sun Yixian fought to end the Qing dynasty and China’s 2,000-year system of feudal monarchy. He then served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China in 1912.

7. Nationalists and Communists
In 1921, Sun Yixian and his Guomindang (gwoh meen DAWNG) or Nationalist party, established a government in south China. Sun planned to raise an army to defeat the warlords and unite China. When Western democracies refused to help, Sun accepted aid from the Soviet Union and joined forces with the small group of Chinese Communists to defeat the warlords. However, he still believed that China’s future should be based on his Three Principles of the People.

8. Nationalists and Communists
The Nationalists and Jiang Jieshi
Sun and his Guomindang unite with Communist forces
Wanted to conquer warlords and re-unite China
Jiang Jieshi- nationalist forces
Turned on communist, starting a 22 year civil war
Communism and Mao Zedong
Mao- leader of communist forces
The Long March
Mao and 100,000 flee from Guomindang forces
flee 6,000 miles facing daily attacks
Only 20,000 survive
Communist gained support among the peasants

9. Nationalists and Communists
Jiang Jieshi led the Guomindang after Sun’s death in He headed the Guomindang government in China from 1928 to 1949.

10. Nationalists and Communists
Analyze Maps The Guomindang and the Communists waged a long and bitter war for control of China. What natural features made the Long March difficult?

11. China Faces Japanese Imperialism
While Jiang was pursuing the Communists across China, the country faced another danger. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria in northeastern China, adding it to the growing Japanese empire. As Japanese aggression increased, some of Jiang’s generals pushed him to form a united front with the Communists against Japan.
Japan exploits China for resources
Rape of Nanjing-

12. China Faces Japanese Imperialism
The national capital at Nanjing surrendered to the Japanese on December 13, The Japanese army brutally murdered members of the Chinese Army and abused Chinese citizens.

13. Conflicting Forces in Japan
The Japanese invasions of China were part of a rising tide of Japanese imperialism. Like China, Japan sought to become a major world power, equal to Western nations. However, Japan lacked the resources needed to fuel its industrial achievements. The small nation looked to the West as an example, attempting to conquer lands to form a huge empire. As you will see, the invasion of China takes on new meaning when viewed from the Japanese perspective.

14. Conflicting Forces in Japan
Expansion and Economic Growth
Japan lacked resources
Took Korea and parts of China
Liberal Reforms of the 1920s
Lurking Problems
Economy slows
Earthquake strikes Tokyo

15. Conflicting Forces in Japan
Japanese and western diplomats signed the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty of The treaty set limits for battleships at a ratio of five for Great Britain and the United States to three for Japan.

16. The Ultranationalist Reaction
In 1929, the Great Depression rippled across the Pacific, striking Japan with devastating force. Trade suffered as foreign buyers could no longer afford to purchase Japanese silks and other exports. Unemployment in the cities soared, while rural peasants were only a mouthful from starvation.

17. The Ultranationalist Reaction
Increasing Unrest
Japan tired of facing discrimination from Western powers
Army and ultranationalist want more expansion
The Manchurian Incident
Military blew up their own railways for an excuse to invade Manchuria
Quickly conquered whole territory before govt even knew

18. The Ultranationalist Reaction
Analyze Graphs Though Japan suffered greatly as a result of the Great Depression, the economic downturn lasted fewer years in Japan than it did in other nations. In what year did the Great Depression in Japan come to an end?

19. The Ultranationalist Reaction
Analyze Maps Japan expanded its territory in Asia between 1918 and From the conquered lands, the Japanese acquired natural resources to fuel industry. Where were Japan’s main manufacturing areas located?

20. Militarists Gain Power
In the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning support from the people for renewing foreign conquests and taking a tough stand against the Western powers. Members of extreme nationalist societies assassinated a number of politicians and business leaders who opposed expansion. Military leaders plotted to overthrow the government and, in 1936, briefly occupied the center of Tokyo.

21. Militarists Gain Power
Revival of Traditional Values
Military basically overthrew the govt
Democratic freedoms limited
Built cult around Emperor Hirohito
Started using schools to teach absolute obedience to emperor
Expansion into China
Started expansion and eventually joined Axis powers in WWII

22. Militarists Gain Power
Hirohito became emperor in Though he was the nation’s supreme authority, he mostly approved decisions made by his ministers. Historians differ over his role in the growth of Japanese aggression.

23. Quiz: Trouble in the Chinese Republic
What were two obstacles to progress that the fledgling Chinese republic faced?
A. Marxism and nationalism
B. Marxism and foreign imperialism
C. warlord rule and foreign imperialism
D. warlord rule and nationalism

24. Quiz: Nationalists and Communists
Why did Mao Zedong claim the Long March was a victory for the Communists?
A. It helped to win many converts to communism and served as a symbol of communist heroism.
B. After the long retreat, the Communists defeated the Guomindang in an epic battle.
C. The majority of people survived, despite the harsh conditions they encountered.
D. The Communists lacked organization and discipline, yet their power grew during the retreat.

25. Quiz: China Faces Japanese Imperialism
How did the Japanese invasion help to unify China?
A. The Japanese supported the Guomindang, unifying political power under one group.
B. The Communists and Guomindang formed a united front to fight the Japanese.
C. The Japanese took control and unified all of China under one political power.
D. The Communists worked with the Japanese to win over Chinese peasants.

26. Quiz: Conflicting Forces in Japan
What were some sources of unrest in Japan in the 1920s?
A. Military leaders condemned political and business corruption and Western influence.
B. Rural peasants were very poor, while factory workers in the cities received high wages.
C. Young people revolted against Western ideals in favor of Japanese traditional culture.
D. Factory production stagnated, but the economy grew.

27. Quiz: The Ultranationalist Reaction
How did the Great Depression lead to calls for renewed expansion?
A. Ultranationalists believed China planned an invasion and argued that Japan should strike first.
B. Ultranationalists gained power over the military and drove expansion.
C. Japan invaded other nations because its people were starving due to trade bans.
D. Nationalists argued that expansion could provide new resources because the export industry was suffering.

28. Quiz: Militarists Gain Power
What changes did Japanese militarists make when they came to power?
A. They attempted to overthrow Emperor Hirohito because he supported democracy.
B. They restricted freedoms and imposed traditional Japanese culture.
C. They outlawed traditional Japanese culture and forced absolute obedience to the state.
D. They used schools to teach students democratic values.