1. Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution – complex of developments that transformed Britain, West Europe and the United States into modern industrial nations in the 19th century
Technology before Industrial Revolution – wonderfully detailed engraving shows the techniques of glass blowing, ship building, cabinet making, and dozens of trades.
All work is hand work – simple and hand made tools and equipment, no machinery used
Eg. Wooden gearing of a mill, whose power is supplied by four horses walking in a circle.
The only sources of power are human, horses, water and wind.
Wooden gearing of a mill supplied by four horses
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

2. Industrial Revolution
Textile mill
Technology after Industrial Revolution – factory made products used with power from pumped water, electric current, gasoline and spare parts, which are all products of industrial processes.
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

3. Industrial Revolution
Early Industrialization and Inventions – James Watt invented the steam engine – source of power for pumping water and running the machinery of textile mills
Steam engine – alternative to hand, horse, wind and water as a source of power
Steam engines required metals for their working parts – iron and steel
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

4. Industrial Revolution
Iron and Steel– Quantities of iron and steel needed for steam engines required mines and blast furnaces, foundries and steel mills
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

5. Industrial Revolution
Transport of coal, Iron and Steel– Transport of coal from mines, of iron from foundries, steel from mills to the shops required steam engines instead of ox-carts
Rail road with cars pulled by steam engine – locomotive – used to bring raw materials to factories and take their products to markets
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

6. Industrial Revolution
Iron ships– Building of iron ships powered by steam engines introduced similar improvements in sea travel and the intercontinental transport of goods
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

7. Industrial Revolution
Power loom and steam engine – The power loom and steam engine made a textile mill capable of producing cheap cloth in quantity.
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

8. Industrial Revolution
Less labour– The products of engine powered factories required less manual labour – products were inexpensive
Economical effects - Wealthy people – industrialist – aristocrats – owners of industries
Poor people – Agricultural farmers who were living in farm houses now moved to cities worked in factories and lived in slums
Economical effects – Profits earned by mills and factories were used to build more factories making the owners wealthy, making the countries that turned to industrialization rich and powerful.
Britain became a dominant world power.
France, Germany, the United States and eventually, other countries rose in wealth and status as the process of industrialization progressed
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

9. Industrial Revolution
Initial effects of Industrialization on designers – The world of design paid little attention to industrialization, except to offer a few complaints about the noise and dirt associated with the new inventions
Eg, John Nash used iron columns in the Brighton Pavilion
Euston Station had a Greek entrance gate
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

10. Industrial Revolution
Initial effects of Industrialization on designers Latrobe designed a steam powered water pumping station with Greek detail
Locomotives sometimes had domes shaped like Roman temples
Steam engines often had structural parts of cast iron in the form of columns
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

11. Industrial Revolution
Effect of industry on interiors– no more aesthetic but technical
First step towards plumbing, lighting, heating appeared making interiors unfashionable
Cast iron for stoves
Kitchen fire place became obsolete
Instead stoves heated with wood and the, coal had major advantages
Kitchen developed with water reservoirs kept warm by the stove fire to provide hot water.
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

12. Industrial Revolution
Effect of industry on interiors
In cities – central piped water heating systems begin to appear
Pressure provided by steam pumps that could lift water to a high reservoir or water tower so that gravity would make water available to bathrooms on the upper floors of buildings
Running water, flush toilets, and the drain trap introduced in the 1800s
Bath tubs and showers were luxuries at first but eventually became standard
Systems of central heating gradually replaced stoves
Coal fired furnaces were placed in cellars to heat warm air which was circulated to living spaces through pipes and grills
The public buildings – churches, schools, hospitals were heated by warm systems
Furnaces were arranged to heat water so that piped hot water could be available in bathrooms
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

13. Industrial Revolution
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

14. Industrial Revolution
Effect of industry on artificial lighting– confined to candles until the end of the 18th century
Oil lamps with wick holders – factory made – better light than candles with less inconvenience – colza oil, whale oil, mineral oil (kerosene)
Invention of illuminating gas originally coal – piped gas used for lighting supplied by centralized city systems – cooking ranges and various heating systems
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

15. Industrial Revolution
Effect of industry on residential spaces– The bathrooms emerged as a new kind of space – given a minor place in house
Kitchen was the workplace of servants – functional design – no particular aesthetic attention
Living spaces – role of the fire places and mantel diminished – small coal grate – parlor stove
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

16. Industrial Revolution
Iron and glass– The Industrial revolution brought new methods of technology and new ways of building
Iron – material of great strength and low cost
Iron - Alternative to wood and masonry
Need for great bridges to carry rail roads and great train sheds presented new engineering problems
Engineering emerged as a technological profession –no much aesthetic concerns
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

17. Industrial Revolution
Rail road terminals – needed sheds to protect trains, passengers and baggage on scale that would reach many tracks
Wood and masonry were not ideal materials for this purpose and engineers found it logical to build in iron
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

18. Industrial Revolution
Glass now factory made in quantity in large sheets, was an ideal light and transparent material for filling in iron frames
Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian