1. Which situation brought about the rapid growth of industry between 1865 and 1900?
high worker morale resulting from good wages and working conditions
availability of investment capital
establishment of western reservations for Native American Indians
decline in the number of people attending schools

2. In the decades after the Civil War, the major result of the shift from single proprietorship to corporate organization was that business was able to
make more efficient use of natural resources
concentrate on improving the quality of manufactured goods
provide workers with higher wages
raise large sums of money

3. Businesses formed trusts, pools, and holding companies mainly to
increase profits by eliminating competition
offer a wide range of goods and services to consumers
provide employment opportunities for minorities
protect the interests of workers

4. A negative effect of holding companies (trusts), mergers, and pools on the United States during the late 19th century was that these combinations
encouraged the Federal Government to spend more than its income
reduced the need for labor unions
decreased competition between businesses
ended United States participation in inter-national trade

5. The 19th-century philosophy of Social Darwinism maintained that
the government should have control over the means of production and the marketplace
all social class distinctions in American society should be eliminated
economic success comes to those who are the hardest working and most competent
wealth and income should be more equally distributed

6. The American Beauty Rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it. This is not an evil tendency in business. It is merely the working-out of a law of nature and a law of God.
John D Rockefeller

7. Rise of big business in the Gilded Age (1870s- early 1900s)
1870s, 80s- Largest economic growth in history
Pass Britain as world’s #1
RR- transform the economy
Mechanized farming- massive production of food in the west
Corporations become the dominate form of business
By 1900 “trusts” dominate steel, oil, sugar, meat and farm machinery industries (horizontal, vertical integration)
Millions employed- huge era of innovation and inventions (kerosene, steel, telephone, electricity, running water
Rise of the middle class (wages increase 60%) and wealth (per capita income #1 in the world)

8. “Gospel of Wealth”- Industrialists become philanthropists
Carnegie donates 90% of wealth to charity
Rockefeller- $500,000,000
1000s of colleges, hospitals, museums, academies, schools, opera houses, public libraries, charities paid for by industrialists

9. “survival of the fittest” in business
Social Darwinism
“survival of the fittest” in business
The most competent businesses would survive and society would benefit from fierce competition
Laissez faire
“allow to do”
Gov’t should leave business alone to let this take place and not regulate big business
Government actually supports big business:
High tariffs
No immigration restrictions
Subsidizes the railroads

10. By the end of the 1800s, many began to be critical of the power of big business and the wealth of industrialists…

11. According to the cartoons…
What was the problem with the rise of big business, formation of monopolies and trusts, and the growing power and wealth of industrialists….
(on back of your cartoon, write down at least three issues the cartoons are critical of)

12. “What a Funny Little Government”, by Horace Taylor for the September 25, 1899 issue of The Verdict
THE TRUST GIANTS POINT OF VIEW
“WHAT A FUNNY LITTLE GOVERNMENT”

13. Mark Hanna- iron and coal industrialist Philip Armour- meatpacking
LABOR
ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT RETAKES THE SHIP
Mark Hanna- iron and coal
industrialist
Philip Armour- meatpacking
industrialist

14. “The Standard Oil Octopus”

15. Joseph Keppler - 1889 political cartoon "The Bosses of the Senate",

16. “The Protectors of our Industry” 1883
Russell Sage- financier and
Railroad executive
William Henry
Vanderbilt- railroads
Cyrus
Field-
American
Telegraph
Company
Jay Gould-
Railroad
Developer
And
speculator

17. Samuel Ehrhardt, ‘History Repeats Itself: The Robber Barons of the Middle Ages and the Robber Barons of Today’, Puck, c. 1889

18. If you haven’t, please write down 3 specific problems the cartoonists saw with the rise of big business, formation of monopolies and trusts, and the growing power and wealth of industrialists….
For at least one, write down a possible solution to the problem….

19. Robber Barons or captains of industry?
Robber Barons or captains of industry?

21. Labor Unions Emerge: Working Conditions: Dangers: Wages: child labor:
Six or seven days a week
12+ hours
No benefits (vacation, sick time, unemployment, injury)
Dangers:
injuries common; dangerous equipment
675 deaths a week in ’82
Wages:
to survive, women and children often had to work
 child labor:
20% of boys, 10% of girls work full time- no education
sweatshops:
done in tenement houses;
women and children (27 cents for 14 hour day- children)

22. American Federation of Labor (craft unions)
Types of workers it organized
Tactics used (strikes, collective bargaining, arbitration)
Goals- types of reforms sought
Level of success?
Knights of Labor
ALL WORKERS (men, women, minorities, immigrants, skilled unskilled)
Mostly arbitration- third party solves dispute
8-hour work day
Equal pay for men and women
Declines after failure of strikes
American Federation of Labor (craft unions)
Skilled workers
LEADER: Samuel Gompers
Collective bargaining- negotiation between labor and management
Strikes used
“bread and butter issues”
Higher wages
Shorter work weeks
Quite successful
American Railway Union (industrial union)
All workers in a specific industry (railroad)
Unskilled, semi-skilled, some skilled
LEADER: Eugene V. Debs
Strikes
Declines after failure of a strike

23. Why was the AFL more successful than the Knights of Labor?
too diverse a group of workers- different goals
unskilled workers easy to replace
American Federation of Labor- (AFL)
workers in same craft- same goals
skilled workers have more power

24. Collective Bargaining
negotiation between labor and management to settle disputes

25. Homestead Strike
Pullman Strike

26. In both the Homestead and Pullman Company Strike, what role did the government play? Did they support the workers or big business?
Government sends in troops to end the strike, orders Debs to end the strike.
****supports business

27. In re debs
The government does have the power to order Debs to stop strike
Article one, Section 8 of Constitution-
- interstate commerce; post office
(RR strike interfered with commerce and the delivery of the mail)

28. What is the ILGWU:
International Ladies’ Garment Union
What was the “Uprising of 20,000”? What was the outcome?
A successful seamstress strike in 1909
Describe the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911:
1911 fire- all doors locked; 146 women burn to death
What positive result did the tragedy have in New York?
New York sets up a task force to improve safety conditions

29. Homestead Strike: Conditions that led to the strike:
Announcement to cut wages at Carnegie Steel.
Tactics used by both sides (labor and management):
Labor: go on strike; attack plant- occupy it and keep it closed
Management: hires scabs, hires “Pinkertons” (armed guards) to protect plant
Role of the state and/ or federal government:
National Guard sent in to reopen plant
Outcome of the strike:
after 5 months, union gives in to company; loses public support;
(45 years until steel workers unionize again)

30. Pullman Strike Conditions that led to the strike:
Pullman lays off more than half of work force; cuts pay of rest
Still charges the same for rent
Tactics used by both sides (labor and management):
Labor: strike called; Debs asks for arbitration; ARU boycotts Pullman trains; go after strikebreakers (scabs)
Management: hires scabs; refuses arbitration
Role of the state and/ or federal government:
President Cleveland sends in federal troops to end strike
Courts issue an “injunction” (order) to halt the strike
Debs is arrested for refusing the injunction
Outcome of the strike:
Pullman fires strikers
Strikers “blacklisted”- no RR company will hire them