1. European Voyages of Discovery
Spanish, French, & Dutch Exploration

2. Spanish Explorations Led Europeans in exploration & conquest
Wealth, National Glory, Catholicism
Juan Ponce de Leon, 1513
Alavar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, 1528
Francisco Pizarro, 1532

3. Spain - Mexico Center of New Spain Mexico City (Tenochtitlan)
Hernan Cortes, 1519
Marina/Malinche
Smallpox Epidemic

4. Images of Effects of Smallpox Epidemic

5. Spanish Colonies Political Organization Social Organization
Spanish born Governors
Cooperation of Indian nobility
Social Organization
Elaborate Caste System
Peninsulares
Criollos
Mestizos

6. Spanish Colonies - Economic Organization
Encomienda & Hacienda
African Slavery, 16th century

7. - Bartolome de las Casas
“The Indians were totally deprived of their freedom and were put in the harshest, fiercest, most horrible servitude and captivity which no one who has not seen it can understand. Even beasts enjoy more freedom when they are allowed to graze in the fields.”
- Bartolome de las Casas
Consequences: Spanish “Black Legend”

8. Spanish Colonies - Religious Organization
Missionaries among first explorers
Conversion & Establishment of Missions
Indigenous relationship with Missions
“The object of the whole of the Californian or missionary system being the conversion of the Indians and the training of them up…There can be no doubt that some of these means of obtaining converts go far beyond the bounds of legitimate persuasion.”

9. Spanish Colonies - Religious Organization
Texas & California, Missions & Military Outposts

10. Spanish Colonies - Religious Organization

11. Pueblo Indian Revolt, 1680 Santa Fe, New Mexico Led by Popé
Religious origins
Violence against people
Destruction of religious property

12. French & Dutch Explorations
Exploration as a commercial venture
Dependency on Indians

13. France Samuel de Champlain, 1608 Fur Trade Algonquin Alliance
Exploration of Mississippi Valley
Differences from other Europeans

14. Netherlands Henry Hudson, 1609 Iroquois Alliance
Dutch West India Trading Co.
Pride in Freedoms

15. European Voyages of Discovery
Key terms: San Agustin, Cabeza de Vaca, Marina, Mestizo,
“Black Legend”, Virgin de Guadalupe, Popé, Quebec, New Amsterdam