1. APUSH Period 1 ( )
Key Concept 1.1 – As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.
Key Concept 1.2 – Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

2. Migration Land bridge connected Eurasia and North America
People walked…. became Native Americans
After Ice Age they were stranded in North America
Migrated further south
Incas and Aztecs

3. Land Bridge

5. Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and with each other.
For example, in the Northwest and in parts of California there was a mix of foraging and hunting.
In the Great Basin & Great Plains they were largely mobile.
Life on the Atlantic seaboard was mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer which led to permanent villages.

6. Native Americans Respected the land and nature
Three-sister farming- beans grew on trellis of cornstalk and squash covered the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil

7. Key Concept 1.1
“Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.”
A) Impact of maize cultivation:
Very popular in the southwest
Societies developed vast irrigation systems (Pueblos in Rio Grande)
How did maize transform societies?
Less emphasis on hunting and gathering
Increase in population
Establishment of permanent villages with socially diverse societies
Tenochtitlan – 250,000 people, social classes

8. B) Great Plains and Great Basin
Most natives lived off of hunting and gathering
Lack of natural resources
Large, flat area that was arid (dry) – Basin
Grassland- Plains
With the introduction of the horse, life on the Great Plains was drastically altered
Bison hunting became much easier
Natives with horses became stronger militarily
Natives in the Great Basin hunted bison and sheep
Like natives on the Great Plains, horses helped natives become more powerful

9. C) Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and Atlantic Seaboard
Many societies were a mix of hunting and gathering, and agriculture and developed permanent villages
Iroquois (Present day NY and PA):
Adapted to their environment:
Burned forests to hunt and grow crops
Villages were built around maize
Iroquois were a matriarchal society:
Power was based on female authority
Women were instrumental in councils and decision-making
Women would tend to crops and oversaw community affairs while men hunted
Cahokia Indians – near present-day St. Louis (around 30,000 people in 1200)
Built giant mounds
Largest settled community until NY and Philadelphia in 1800

10. D) Northwest And Present-Day California
Roughly 300,000 natives lived in California prior to the arrival of Europeans
Most of these societies were based on hunting, gathering, and foraging
Gather nuts, fish, and hunted
Societies tended to be ruled by wealthy families
Chinooks
Advocated warrior traditions
Used advanced fighting techniques
Lived in longhouses which could house many families

11. Native Americans: Introduction
With the voyages of Christopher Columbus in the late 1400s, Europeans made their first contact with the Americas. Amerigo Vespucci and others would soon determine that they had discovered new continents, calling it a New World.

12. Native Americans: Introduction
It is believed that Columbus thought he was in Asia and called the natives of the Bahamas indios, meaning Indians. The name stuck, and was soon used for all natives of the Americas. Although most descendants prefer to be called native, the inaccurate term Indian has lasted to the present day.

14. Native Americans: Introduction
There are well over 600 known native tribes that lived in North America. If you consider the subgroups of tribes, there are countless thousands of distinct groups. Some names are long, like the Mishikhwutmetunne and others are short, like the Ofo. Some of these tribes have countless descendants today while others are extinct.

15. Native Americans: Introduction
Many of the tribes are widely unfamiliar, and others are famous or even infamous. Several tribes were hostile to Americans and other white settlers and many were peaceful. The following six slides represent a comprehensive (alphabetical) list of the major tribes of North America.

16. Native Americans: Introduction
Holland
England 
Germany
France
Italy
Spain
Portugal
Although countless native tribes populated the Americas, England, France and Spain each laid claim to the lands of North America during the Age of Exploration and Age of European Imperialism.

17. Native Americans: Introduction
Map of European & American Exploration in North America
Lewis & Clark Expedition (American) 1804
French Explorers 1603
Cabot (English) 1497
Francis Drake (England) 1579
Mayflower Pilgrims (English) 1620
California, Oregon, Mormon Trails (1850s)
Colonial Settlement (English) late 1600s
French Explorers 1682
Spanish Missionaries 1769
Columbus (Spanish) 1492
Cabrillo (Spanish) 1542
Texas Statehood (American) 1845
Coronado (Spanish) 1540

18. Mercantilism
Mercantilism: An economic system that ties the power of a nation to the total wealth of a nation.
Wealth is measured in gold and silver only.
The wealth is accumulated by a favorable balance of trade (more exports than imports)
Exploration and colonization was designed to bring in wealth

19. Mercantilism
Colonies brought in wealth to the mother country by exporting gold and silver to the mother country and/or provide raw materials that could not be found in the mother country.
Mother country was not dependant to any other country, would not trade with other countries
All manufacturing took place in the mother country
The government could pass any regulations or tax to ensure a positive balance of trade.

20. Europeans Wanted Asian goods (silk, cloth, spices, sugar)
Expensive to transport from Asia
Wanted a cheap alternative
The Portuguese began trading in Africa (gold and slaves)
Plantation system began on Atlantic Islands
Spain wanted more power

21. God, Gold & Glory Spread Christianity (be in God’s favor) Make money
Gain power & noble or royal titles

22. Columbian Exchange Europe, Africa and 2 Americas economic system
Europe: markets
Africa: labor
New World: raw materials & crops such as maize
Europeans introduced crops, animals (cattle, swine, horses), sugar cane and diseases that killed the Native Americans
Syphilis went from the Americas to Europe

26. Spain Why To get wealth (gold and silver)
To get products to sell for gold and silver
To spread Catholicism
Who
Government officials, soldiers, nobleman, merchants, men looking for adventure (explorers), and missionaries
 Where
Southern North America, Central America, South America

27. St. Augustine, Florida
Spanish fortress to block the French
Oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the U.S.

28. Characteristics of Spanish America
Encomienda system- offered land to Native Americans in exchange for teaching them Christianity
Conquistadors (conquerors) intermarried with the Native Americans creating a new race = mestizos
The Spanish built towns and got gold from the area. There was no self-government; colonial governors had absolute power.
Decline
The Spanish Armada was defeated by the English in Spain’s power slowly declined and by the 1700’s they had lost most of their power in North America

29. France Why To acquire an empire in the new world
To gain goods to sell for wealth…fur
To spread Catholicism
Who
Merchants, Explorers, Priests

30. France
Where The northern part of North America in what is now Canada (Quebec), around the Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi to New Orleans Description Called New France, the French Colonies were small because of a lack of gold, limited immigration, and a lack of an interest in farming and settlement. They just wanted to use the land for wealth. There were few settlements and no self-government.

31. England Why The People Religious Freedom Escape government tyrannies
Social Mobility
To escape economic prosecution
The Government
To gain a colonial empire to become a world power
To gain wealth through gold, silver, raw materials, and a market for finished goods

32. England
Who
People looking for a new start and merchants sponsored by the government
Where
Between the French in the North and the Spanish in the South
Description
English colonies were set up by Joint Stock Companies. Charters were granted by the king.
Effects:
Colonies had a measure of self-government through its charter. This would lead to discontent as they abandoned the policy of salutary neglect in exchange for more direct rule.  

33. Ticket out the Door
What were the political, cultural, and social changes in the Old and New World as a result of the Columbian Exchange?
Write in complete sentences. Minimum of 1 paragraph.