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European Exploration
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Learning Objectives The conditions in Europe that precipitated exploration west. Viking, Portuguese, Spanish, English, Dutch, and French explorations of the New World. The Columbian Exchange
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Vikings Eric the Red – Colonized Iceland and Greenland by 982.
Bjarni Herjuofsson – Blown off course by a storm, saw North America but did not land. Leif Erickson – Explored Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Massachusetts in 996, naming it Vinland for the grapes he saw growing.
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Portugal John I – Crusades against Moors in North Africa to open up the Mediterranean. Prince Henry the Navigator – John’s son; opened a school for nautical exploration. Portugal controlled the Azores, Madeira, Cape Verde Islands on their way to Africa. Bartholomew Diaz – 1486 reached the Cape of Storms at southern tip of Africa. Vasco da Gama – Sailed around Africa, reached India in Saw profits of 600% on return voyage. Pedro Cabral – Blown off course on the way to India; landed in Brazil.
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Spain The Moors were driven from Spain in 1492 after the marriage of Isabella of Aragon to Ferdinand of Castille, launching a period of Spanish exploration. Columbus – Landed in the Caribbean looking for (and died believing he had reached) East Asia. Amerigo Vespucci – May have made 4 voyages to the New World. Realized it wasn’t Asia. Vasco de Balboa – Crossed Panama to the Pacific, 1513. Ponce de Leon – Explored Florida for the fountain of youth. Killed by natives. Ferdinand Magellan - Killed in the Philippines, but his crew went around the world.
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Spain Hernando Cortez – Conquered the Aztec empire from , enslaving the people and securing a huge supply of gold and silver.
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England / The Netherlands
John and Sebastian Cabot – Northern American coast in 1497 and 1498, and Sir Francis Drake – English pirate who preyed on Spanish gold ships. Sailed around South America to California. Sir Walter Raleigh – Took over all of North America and established a colony at Roanoke in 1587 that became the “Lost Colony.”
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France – the Northwest Passage
Giovanni de Verrazano – New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay looking for the NW Passage. Jacque Cartier – St. Lawrence River, established Quebec looking for the NW Passage. Samuel de Champlain – 11 voyages to Canada, establishing the fur trade. Marquette and Joliet – From Quebec to the Mississippi River looking for the NW Passage.
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The Columbian Exchange
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