1. Where have we been, and where are we going?

2. Why should we study the marine habitat?
Marine life provides different resources
Widely used for recreation and essential in many coastal economies
Problems created by the marine environment
Problems created by man

3. The History of Marine Biology
Man has been attracted to the ocean since the Stone Age

4. The History of Marine Biology
Aristotle
Lived in the 4th century B.C. (considered the first marine biologist)

5. The History of Marine Biology
Aristotle
Described many forms of marine life
Created a simplified naming system

6. During the 9th and 10th century Vikings (Leif Eriksson) explored much of the North Atlantic

7. Ben Franklin: charted the Gulf Stream 1770

8. As navigation skills improved so did our knowledge of the environment…

9. James Cook
James Cook was one of the first captains to make scientific observations
Carried an accurate chronometer and a full-time naturalist
In 3 voyages he explored all of the world’s oceans
Killed in 1779 by native Hawaiians
Through his example in the 19th century most ships carried naturalists
James Cook

10. James Cook
Francesco Bartolozzi and William Byrne The death of Captain Cook
Artist’s rendition of the death of Capt. Cook by native Hawaiians

11. Charles Darwin
In 1831, the H.M.S. Beagle sailed around the world for 5 years carrying Charles Darwin
What are Darwin’s notable contributions to science and marine biology?
Charles Darwin

12. Atoll Reefs and Barnacles

13. Darwin collected and studied numerous marine organisms during this famous voyage, which eventually lead to his famous subsidence theory of coral reef formation (for atolls), and a classification of barnacles that is still useful today. Observations he made on the Beagle expedition also provided him with the ideas that he later used to formulate his theory of evolution and natural selection.

14. Edward Forbes (1815-1854) One of the first true marine biologists
Naturalist on the Beacon and sampled the bottom using a dredge
Discovered that animal density decreased with depth and that species diversity changes with depth
Up to this point it was believed that no life existed in the oceans depths

15. The British are Coming!! Challenger
In 1872 the British government funded the first major oceanographic expedition under the leadership of Charles Wyville Thompson
A light warship, the Challenger was used
It took 19 years and 50 volumes to publish all the results
4,700 new species were discovered
New standards were set in studying the ocean.
Meticulous records were kept and careful measurements were taken
Challenger

16. HMS Challenger Voyage
ALL OVER THE WORLD!

17. *First Lab was established in 1872 by German scientists in Naples Italy
Marine Labs

18. Marine Laboratories
Marine labs were created at the shore to tackle long term studies of the marine habitat
The first major American lab was the Woods Hole lab in Massachusetts
Another important lab was created in Pacific Grove, California. The Scripps Institute
These and many other marine labs are crucial in the growth of marine biology today
Woods Hole Institute

19. World War II and the development of SONAR

20. 1960 - Trieste bathyscaphe dive
United States and Swiss team made the deepest manned dive (to 10,916 meters depth) in the Mariana Trench.
It took 5 hours to fall 7 miles
At this depth, the pressure is over 8 tons per square inch.

21. Marine Biology Today
The description of animals and the general picture of marine biology is now well understood
Marine biologist are concerned with why patterns exist and how animals live

22. Marine Biology Today
Because of advances in technologies new areas are able to be explored
Submersibles (Alvin) and ROV’s are used to explore the deep sea and hydrothermal vents
Alvin

23. ROV – Remotely Operated vehicle

24. Aquarius Habitat

25. UNCW’s Center for Marine Science

26. Coastal Studies Institute