1. Period 1: Chapter 1
The past is a source of knowledge, and the future is a source of hope. Love of the past implies faith in the future.
- Stephen Ambrose
Mrs. Price
APUSH
Characteristics of English Settlements

2. Big Ideas
By 1600 Europeans had created the world’s first truly global economy
The age of discovery had significant impacts on the native populations: 90% of Amerindians killed by 1600; slavery of Africans
Cultural differences between European & Natives led to conflict in the 15th, 16th, & 17th centuries

3. Populating the Americas
Land Bridge connecting Eurasia to North America
Land bridge existed for around 25,000 years that connected Eurasia to North America (35,000-10,000 years ago
For 25,000 years the Americas are populated
When the glaciers melt the Americas become isolated

4. Early On… Native Americans were mostly nomadic Small Population growth
No formal govt, writing system, or complex religion
Focus on survival
Lived off land by hunting, fishing & gathering

5. Early America’s Agricultural Revolution
Native Americans begin to grow crops (Maize, beans, squash, etc)
Consequences:
Population growth
Specialization
Civilizations begin to form
Consequences:
Population boom due to steady/increasing food supply
Specialization: as a result formal govt, writing system, & religion begin to form
Civilizations begin to form:
By 1492 it is estimated that 54 million people lived in the Americas
Powerful empires like the Maya, Aztecs, & Inca developed
A) Impact of maize cultivation:
Very popular in the southwest
Societies developed vast irrigation systems (Pueblos in Rio Grande)
How did maize transform societies?
Less emphasis on hunting and gathering
Increase in population
Establishment of permanent villages with socially diverse societies
Tenochtitlan – 250,000 people, social classes

6. Mayans & Aztecs Mayans Yucatan Peninsula
Outstanding engineers & mathematicians
Ruled by city-states (no central govt, very fragmented society)
Due to fragmentation the Mayas were in constant warfare that eventually led to their collapse
Aztecs
Located in central Mexico
Militaristic people (conquered surrounding tribes forcing them to pay tribute, ruled by emperor
Human sacrifice commonly practiced
Created an empire containing 5 million people

7. Incas

8. Native Populations in Central & South America
Highly organized societies
Traded extensively
Cultivated crops = stable food supply
Corn – Mayas & Aztecs
Potatoes – Incas
Populations in this area were larger and more sophisticated than those in North America

9. Other Native American Civilizations
Great Plains & Great Basin
Hunters & gatherers
Importance of the horse
Most natives lived off of hunting and gathering
Lack of natural resources
Large, flat area that was arid (dry) – Basin
Grassland- Plains
With the introduction of the horse, life on the Great Plains was drastically altered
Bison hunting became much easier
Natives with horses became stronger militarily
Natives in the Great Basin hunted bison and sheep
Like natives on the Great Plains, horses helped natives become more powerful

10. Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and Atlantic Seaboard
Mix of Hunter/gatherers & settled agriculture
Iroquois
Many societies were a mix of hunting and gathering, and agriculture and developed permanent villages
Iroquois (Present day NY and PA):
Adapted to their environment:
Burned forests to hunt and grow crops
Villages were built around maize
Iroquois were a matriarchal society:
Power was based on female authority
Women were instrumental in councils and decision-making
Women would tend to crops and oversaw community affairs while men hunted

11. Cahokia Indians – near present-day St
Cahokia Indians – near present-day St. Louis (around 30,000 people in 1200)
Built giant mounds
Largest settled community until NY and Philadelphia in 1800

12. Southwest American Indians
Chaco Canyon Pueblo
Culture collapsed due to drought
Northwest & Present-Day California
Mostly hunters and gatherers
Chinooks
Roughly 300,000 natives lived in California prior to the arrival of Europeans
Most of these societies were based on hunting, gathering, and foraging
Gather nuts, fish, and hunted
Societies tended to be ruled by wealthy families
Chinooks
Advocated warrior traditions
Used advanced fighting techniques
Lived in longhouses which could house many families

13. Europe Moves Toward Exploration
Leif Ericson
Scandinavian
Sailed to North America in 1000 AD

14. Factors that Encouraged Exploration
Improvements in Technology
Religious Conflict/Motive
Expanding Trade
Nation-States Developed
Improvements in Technology
Renaissance – rebirth of classical learning = led to Europeans making improvements in others’ inventions (gun powder, sailing compass)
Made improvements in shipbuilding and mapmaking
Religious Conflict
Roman Catholic church was threatened by Ottoman Turks who followed Islam & by a revolt against Pope’s authority
8th century: Moors from North Africa conquered Spain; over next several centuries Spanish Christians reconquered land & set up kingdoms
2 of largest were united when Isabella & Ferdinand married in 1469; 1492: kingdom fully conquered the Moors in Spain
Protestant Conflict in Northern Europe (Protestant Reformation: early 1500s some Christians in Germany, England, France, & Holland revolted against authority of the Pope; conflict led to series of religious wars; also caused Protestants & Catholics to want to spread their faith
Expanding Trade
Competition among European kingdoms for increased trade with Africa, India, & China
New routes to Asia discovered by Portugal
Developing Nation States
-small kingdoms were uniting into larger ones
-large multiethnic empires were breaking up (e.g Holy Roman Empire)
Nation States were created (countries in which majority of people shared a common culture & common loyalty for a central government
Monarchs of nation-states depended on trade to bring in revenue & on the church to justify their right to rule

15. Columbus Skilled sailor Was looking for new route to India

16. Columbian Exchange
Transfer of plants, animals & germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other
Europeans learned about beans, corn, sweet & white potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco
Europeans brought to Americas: sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, horses, the wheel, iron tools, guns; diseases: smallpox & measles = millions died
Exchanges would permanently change the entire world

17. 1st Colonizers: Spain & Portugal
Claims overlapped leading to disputes
1493: Line of Demarcation – Pope divided the area between 2 countries
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas: established Portugal’s claim to Brazil, Spain’s claim to rest of Americas

18. Spanish Colonization Dominance due to explorers & conquistadores
Balboa
Magellan
Cortés
Pizzaro
Spanish Colonization
Balboa: journey across the Isthmus of Panama to Pacific Ocean
Magellan: circumnavigation of world (died during journey)
Cortes: conquest of Aztecs
Pizzaro: conquest of Incas
Conquistadores sent ships back to Spain loaded with gold and silver from Mexico & Peru
Increased gold supply by over 500% making Spain the richest & most powerful nation in Europe
Success encouraged other nations to turn to Americas

19. Encomienda System King gave land & natives to individual Spaniards
Indians had to farm or work in the mines; Spanish masters had to care for them
European diseases and brutality reduced the native population = Spanish brought slaves from West Africa under the asiento system (required Spanish to pay a tax to King on each slave they imported

20. Spanish Settlements Developed slowly in North America Florida (1565)
New Mexico (1610)
Texas (1700s)
California (1769)
Developed slowly due to limited mineral resources & strong opposition from American Indians

21. French Colonization
1524: Monarchy sponsored voyage to find a northwest passage to Asia through the Americas (Verrazano)
Voyages of Cartier on St. Lawrence River
Were slow to develop colonies
1608: 1st permanent settlement at Quebec
1500s: monarchy was preoccupied with European wars & internal religious conflict (Roman Catholics & French Huguenots)
Only in 1600s did French develop a strong interest in colonization
Father of New France (Samuel de Champlain) established Quebec
1673: Jolliet & Marquette explored Upper Mississippi River
1682: Robert La Salle explored Mississippi basin which he nicknamed Louisiana

22. Dutch Colonization 1600s: Netherlands sponsored voyages
Henry Hudson looked for a westward passage to Asia through northern America
Established Dutch claims to New Amsterdam

23. English Colonization Latecomer - European Wars Impetus
- Economic Problems
- Mercantilism
- Religion (English Reformation)

24. Beginnings John Cabot (1497) Ireland (1560s & 1570s)
Roanoke (1585 & 1587)
Jamestown (1607)

25. European Attitudes Toward Native Americans
Looked down upon
E.g. Spanish class system
Few families came from Spain to settle the empire so explorers & soldiers intermarried with natives

26. Bartolomé de Las Casas Spanish priest
Advocate for better treatment for Native Americans
Persuaded King to institute New Laws of 1542: ended Indian slavery and forced labor

27. Valladolid Debates
: formal debate over role of Indians in Spanish colonies
Las Casas vs. Juan Ginés de Sepuleda