1. Struggle for Democracy in Africa
Why has Africa struggled in gaining democratic governments?

2. - As African nations starting gaining independence, many struggle with legacy of colonialism
Ghana :
Kwame Nkrumah leads non-violent movement for indp in
British Gold Coast.
2) After ind, Nkrumah becomes President for life, costly projects & more Pan-African focus hurts his country
Algeria :
1) Communist FLN led by Ahmed Ben Bella rebel against French Govt.
2) DeGaulle sends in 500K troops but France loses.
3) US backed Islamic rebels overthrow Bella’s gov in 65

3. Kenya:
Mau Mau start revolution against British using guerilla warfare.
2) Leader Jomo Kenyatta accused of starting Mau Mau rev. & jailed
3) Kenyatta released after indp. becomes PM, then President, becomes anti-communist, keeps power until ‘78
Nigeria
1)British give independence to Fulani (majority)
2) Igbo (minority) attempt to form own nation causing a civil war, 1.2 million Nigerians killed

4. Congo/Zaire :
Col Joseph Mobuto takes power after Lumumba assassination,
changes his name to Mobuto Sese Seko & country to Zaire
2) His ruthless dictatorship backed by S. Africa & US due to his
anti-communism
Angola:
MPLA rebels defeat
Portuguese forces and win
Independence (61-75)
2) US & S. Africa back non-
Communist FNLA, wage
Civ War until ‘02 – 500K die

5. Uganda :
Gen. Idi Amin takes power in a coup, supported by west (anti-comm)
2) Amin expels foreigners & nationalizes businesses, kills 300K
South Africa:
1)Dutch Afrikaners (Boers) control Gov, set up Apartheid system
that segregates blacks & whites
2) ANC trying to end Apartheid, leader Nelson Mandela jailed
3) Apartheid ends in 1991, when Nelson Mandela’s ANC wins election
Rwanda:
Belgians give Tutsi minority rule after independence.
2) Hutu majority wins election in 1994, will begin genocide against Tutsi