1. New Nations in Africa
(34.3)

2. The Negritude Movement
a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values among French-speaking Africans and West Indians

3. Ghana
formerly British colony of the Gold Coast; led to independence by Kwame Nkrumah

4. Kenya
formerly British East Africa; led to independence by Jomo Kenyatta and guerilla tactics of the Mau Mau

5. Algeria
Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) successfully fought the French to gain independence; led by Ahmed Ben Bella

6. Congo
granted independence from Belgium in 1960; Mobutu Sese Seko seized power in 1965 and ruled Zaire for 32 years

7. Angola
fought for independence from Portugal (achieved in 1975), then fought a long civil war - communist forces (supported by Cuba and the Soviet Union) vs. democratic forces (supported by the U.S. and South Africa)