1. AFRICA
Early History

2. Geography
Geography= Land
Diverse Landforms
Cultural Diversity

3. Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Cradle of Civilization (Leakey and Lucy) Rift Valley
People learned to farm (Agricultural- Neolithic Revolution) Nomadic Hunter and Gatherer changed to farmer
Why did people settle in a river valley?
Features of Civilizations
cities, complex religion, centralized government, writing, social classes, job specialization, public works)
Egypt (Nile River- Ancient River Civilization)
Settled on the river to benefit from fertile soil surrounding the area (floods=silt)
Location= trade!!!

4. Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Zimbabwe (c AD)
Wealth based on trade between interior and coastline
Bantu (2000 BC- 500 AD) (South Region)
Migration resulted from increased population which resulted in pressure on agriculture (food)
Kush (aka Nubia) (1000 BC- 150AD)
Brief empire in NE Africa due to location and large iron deposits
Axum (900 BC- 600AD)
Converted to Christianity in 324 AD and later became Ethiopia

5. Early History: Kingdoms and Empires

6. Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
West Africa
Ghana ( AD)
Mali ( AD)
Songhai ( AD)

7. Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Ghana
Located on Niger River protected by Ocean and Sahara Desert
Wealth based in gold and salt trade across West Africa
King has Muslim (Islamic) advisors (Cultural Diffusion)
Wealth= art made of bronze and gold

8. Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Gold and Salt Trade

9. Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Mali
Most famous ruler Mansa Musa (Muslim- Hajj/ Pilgrimage)= Cultural Diffusion
Kept in depth record of travel- Primary Source (Ibn Battuta)
Golden Age= MONEY!!!!

10. Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Songhai
Capital is Timbuktu- center of learning, increased literacy, trade
Destroyed by Europeans

11. Early African Culture Religion Family Animism- importance of nature
Art reflects religion- symbolism
Family
Loyalty to tribe and extended family

12. Atlantic Slave Trade- Triangle Trade

13. Atlantic Slave Trade- Triangle Trade
Who: Africans, Arabs, Europeans
When: 1500’s to 1800’s AD
Where: Exterior Coastline (interior delayed because of topography and climate)
Results:
Cultural Diffusion- sharing of ideas (ex. African influence in Latin America)
Feeling of racial superiority
Violence- Political boundaries for no reason
Economic Dependence- some societies relied on slave trade for $$, ignored other responsibilities, needed manufactured goods

14. Africa
1700’s to Present

15. Africa During the Age of European Imperialism (1800s- 1950s)
Industrial Revolution 1780’s = Need for Raw Materials= Imperialism

16. Africa During the Age of European Imperialism (1800s- 1950s)
Reasons for European Imperialism
Supremacist and Mercenaries
“White Man’s Burden”- the duty of the Europeans to expose Africans to Christianity and Western culture. Disregard for Diversity!
Colonialism and Mercantilism
Industrial Revolution- competing for raw materials= Colonialism (possession of overseas territories)= Mercantilism (the colony exists for the benefit of the mother country)
Nationalism
Feelings of pride in one’s country sparked desire for empire. Empire= Prestige
Rivalry
International rivalries caused Europeans to expand their navies and seek fueling stations around the world

17. Africa During the Age of European Imperialism (1800s- 1950s)
Effects of European Rule on Africa
Negatives:
Decreases traditional African culture and weakened family ties
Led to forced labor and abuse of human rights
Created artificial boundaries that cut across historical, ethnic and cultural boundaries (invaded the interior- steam engine)
Economic dependency
Positives:
Improved medical care, sanitation and nutrition
Expanded transportation and communication
Increased agricultural production with new seeds and fertilizers
Created new education and career opportunities= urbanization

18. History of Modern Africa (1900- Present)
Independence Movements
1800’s
Pan Africanism (tried to unite all of Africa and end European Control)
Unity difficult because of hostility between ethnic groups (colonialism)
Rise of Nationalism= Hate for Colonialism
1945 (End of WW2)
African Independence after WW2= decreased European political dominance= Goal to end European rule
Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah- renamed the area the “Gold Coast” to incite pride and nationalism. Followed Gandhi and used civil disobedience
Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta- used guerilla fighters (Mau Mau) to get independence

19. History of Modern Africa (1900- Present) Case Study: South Africa
Colonization
Boers and British
Independence
Apartheid (racial segregation) Afrikaners
Human Rights Movement (1980’s- 1990’s)
Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu
(ANC: African National Congress)
Nonviolence
Labor Boycotts (refusal to work)
International Response= Sanctions (refuse to trade)
Results
1990- End of Apartheid- Mandela and DeKlerk
1994- Nelson Mandela first President

20. History of Modern Africa (1900- Present) Post Independence Instability
Tribalism (Loyalty to an individual tribe)
Undermined Unity
Authoritarian single-party rule has often prevented the development of democratic states
Military rule imposed through coups d’ etat (forcible military take overs) has often resulted in violent oppression
Economic
Famine- misuse of land
International Debt
Dependence on European Nations

21. Economic Health Political Geography
History of Modern Africa (1900- Present) Obstacles and Status of Africa Today
Economic
Mixed Economies (part public and private) trouble stabilizing
Need for foreign investment- People need to buy the resources Africa has to offer
Food- famine (misuse of land and drought) but some improvement with scientific farming techniques
Dependence- need foreign aid, need for imported equipment, high debt
Health
Population explosion (poverty, malnutrition)
Disease (AIDS)
Political
Power- hungry leaders
Military take overs
Harsh Dictators
Ethnic Conflict
Geography
Desertification- the Sahara is spreading!!!!
overuse of land (Sahel), overgrazing, overcutting, top soil being blown away