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AFRICA Early History
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Geography Geography= Land Diverse Landforms Cultural Diversity
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Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Cradle of Civilization (Leakey and Lucy) Rift Valley People learned to farm (Agricultural- Neolithic Revolution) Nomadic Hunter and Gatherer changed to farmer Why did people settle in a river valley? Features of Civilizations cities, complex religion, centralized government, writing, social classes, job specialization, public works) Egypt (Nile River- Ancient River Civilization) Settled on the river to benefit from fertile soil surrounding the area (floods=silt) Location= trade!!!
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Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Zimbabwe (c AD) Wealth based on trade between interior and coastline Bantu (2000 BC- 500 AD) (South Region) Migration resulted from increased population which resulted in pressure on agriculture (food) Kush (aka Nubia) (1000 BC- 150AD) Brief empire in NE Africa due to location and large iron deposits Axum (900 BC- 600AD) Converted to Christianity in 324 AD and later became Ethiopia
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Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
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Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
West Africa Ghana ( AD) Mali ( AD) Songhai ( AD)
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Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Ghana Located on Niger River protected by Ocean and Sahara Desert Wealth based in gold and salt trade across West Africa King has Muslim (Islamic) advisors (Cultural Diffusion) Wealth= art made of bronze and gold
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Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Gold and Salt Trade
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Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Mali Most famous ruler Mansa Musa (Muslim- Hajj/ Pilgrimage)= Cultural Diffusion Kept in depth record of travel- Primary Source (Ibn Battuta) Golden Age= MONEY!!!!
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Early History: Kingdoms and Empires
Songhai Capital is Timbuktu- center of learning, increased literacy, trade Destroyed by Europeans
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Early African Culture Religion Family Animism- importance of nature
Art reflects religion- symbolism Family Loyalty to tribe and extended family
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Atlantic Slave Trade- Triangle Trade
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Atlantic Slave Trade- Triangle Trade
Who: Africans, Arabs, Europeans When: 1500’s to 1800’s AD Where: Exterior Coastline (interior delayed because of topography and climate) Results: Cultural Diffusion- sharing of ideas (ex. African influence in Latin America) Feeling of racial superiority Violence- Political boundaries for no reason Economic Dependence- some societies relied on slave trade for $$, ignored other responsibilities, needed manufactured goods
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Africa 1700’s to Present
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Africa During the Age of European Imperialism (1800s- 1950s)
Industrial Revolution 1780’s = Need for Raw Materials= Imperialism
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Africa During the Age of European Imperialism (1800s- 1950s)
Reasons for European Imperialism Supremacist and Mercenaries “White Man’s Burden”- the duty of the Europeans to expose Africans to Christianity and Western culture. Disregard for Diversity! Colonialism and Mercantilism Industrial Revolution- competing for raw materials= Colonialism (possession of overseas territories)= Mercantilism (the colony exists for the benefit of the mother country) Nationalism Feelings of pride in one’s country sparked desire for empire. Empire= Prestige Rivalry International rivalries caused Europeans to expand their navies and seek fueling stations around the world
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Africa During the Age of European Imperialism (1800s- 1950s)
Effects of European Rule on Africa Negatives: Decreases traditional African culture and weakened family ties Led to forced labor and abuse of human rights Created artificial boundaries that cut across historical, ethnic and cultural boundaries (invaded the interior- steam engine) Economic dependency Positives: Improved medical care, sanitation and nutrition Expanded transportation and communication Increased agricultural production with new seeds and fertilizers Created new education and career opportunities= urbanization
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History of Modern Africa (1900- Present)
Independence Movements 1800’s Pan Africanism (tried to unite all of Africa and end European Control) Unity difficult because of hostility between ethnic groups (colonialism) Rise of Nationalism= Hate for Colonialism 1945 (End of WW2) African Independence after WW2= decreased European political dominance= Goal to end European rule Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah- renamed the area the “Gold Coast” to incite pride and nationalism. Followed Gandhi and used civil disobedience Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta- used guerilla fighters (Mau Mau) to get independence
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History of Modern Africa (1900- Present) Case Study: South Africa
Colonization Boers and British Independence Apartheid (racial segregation) Afrikaners Human Rights Movement (1980’s- 1990’s) Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu (ANC: African National Congress) Nonviolence Labor Boycotts (refusal to work) International Response= Sanctions (refuse to trade) Results 1990- End of Apartheid- Mandela and DeKlerk 1994- Nelson Mandela first President
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History of Modern Africa (1900- Present) Post Independence Instability
Tribalism (Loyalty to an individual tribe) Undermined Unity Authoritarian single-party rule has often prevented the development of democratic states Military rule imposed through coups d’ etat (forcible military take overs) has often resulted in violent oppression Economic Famine- misuse of land International Debt Dependence on European Nations
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Economic Health Political Geography
History of Modern Africa (1900- Present) Obstacles and Status of Africa Today Economic Mixed Economies (part public and private) trouble stabilizing Need for foreign investment- People need to buy the resources Africa has to offer Food- famine (misuse of land and drought) but some improvement with scientific farming techniques Dependence- need foreign aid, need for imported equipment, high debt Health Population explosion (poverty, malnutrition) Disease (AIDS) Political Power- hungry leaders Military take overs Harsh Dictators Ethnic Conflict Geography Desertification- the Sahara is spreading!!!! overuse of land (Sahel), overgrazing, overcutting, top soil being blown away
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