1. Chapter 29 APUSH Mrs. Price
“The important thing is not to stop questioning.” - Albert Einstein

2. The Marshall Plan To rebuild Europe
$12.5 billion in 4 years to 16 countries
Produced economic miracle in Europe
Reasons: economic interest & to stop communism

3. Marshall Plan aid sent to European countries

4. International Organizations
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 1944
World Bank 1944
United Nations 1945

6. The Cold War Between the US & the USSR
Began in mid 1940s and lasted until 1991
Roots in Wartime Diplomacy

7. Wartime Diplomacy 1943 Casablanca: no second front
1943 Teheran: dispute over Poland
USSR could annex some Polish territory
Issue: govt in independent Poland – two govts claimed legitimacy
1945 Yalta: dispute over Germany
USSR wants reparations
Divide Germany & Berlin into 4 zones
Agreed to plan for UN

8. Communism Spreads in Europe
Communist govts in: Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, & Albania

9. Soviet position: USSR needed a buffer against invasion
Western position: concerned about spread of communism; wanted self-determination & open markets

10. Conflict over Germany
Germany was divided into 4 zones controlled by France, Britain, US, & USSR after war
USSR wanted reparations; other Allies refused
US wanted to reunite Germany; refused to collect reparations (Potsdam Conference: Truman, Churchill, & Stalin)

12. Berlin Airlift 1948: Stalin imposed blockade around Western Berlin
US-led airlift to aid city lasted over 10 months; Stalin lifts blockade in spring 1949

13. Division of Germany Oct 1949 Federal Republic (west)
Democratic Republic (east)

14. Containment Doctrine 1947 Creator: George Kennan
Asserted USSR was expansionist; US should contain it
Impacted US policy throughout Cold War
Example: Truman Doctrine

15. Truman Doctrine 1947 Soviets showed interest in Greece & Turkey
US gave $400 million in military & economic aid

16. Impact of Cold War
Creation of new security apparatus in US: National Security Act of 1947
Department of Defense
National Security Council
Central Intelligence Agency
Joint Chiefs of Staff

17. Created Blocs in Int’l Community
NATO (1949): attack on one member by an aggressor would be an attack on all; standing military force in Europe
Warsaw Pact (1955): military alliance for the defense of the communist states of Eastern Europe

19. Led to an Arms Race 1946: Atomic Energy Commission created
Sept 1949: Soviets test 1st atomic bomb
1950: Truman approves development of hydrogen bomb; created 1952
NSC-68 (1950): US must stop communist expansion no matter where; called for expansion of US military power

20. National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

21. Election of 1948 Divisions in Democratic Party Candidates: Truman wins
Truman (D)
Dewey (R)
Thurmond (Dixiecrat)
Wallace (Progressive)
Truman wins

22. Korean War [ ]
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”

23. Korean War
Korea was divided in half after WWII (38˚ Parallel); North became communist
June 24, 1950: North Korean Army invaded South Korea

24. June 27: Truman orders troops into Korea commanded by MacArthur (most UN troops made up of US)
Congress never declared war – police action

25. N. Koreans forced back across border; MacArthur pursues
Nov 1950: China enters the war – drives UN forces out of N. Korea, move into S. Korea
March 1951: UN armies regain most of lost territory = stalemate

26. The Shifting Map of Korea [1950-1953]

27. MacArthur wants to attack China; is relieved of his command by Truman
Peace talks begin July 1951; armistice signed 1953
More than 54,000 US deaths

28. Second Red Scare Fear of communist subversion
House Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC): 1947
Investigated if govt had tolerated communist subversion
Targeted Hollywood – led to Hollywood Blacklist
Committee blacklisted 500 actors, directors, writers and producers whom they believed had communist connections

29. Anti-Communist propaganda during the Red Scare

30. Alger Hiss Young diplomat
Accused of turning state secrets over to USSR
Found guilty of perjury

31. Government Actions
Federal Loyalty Program: reviewed loyalty of federal employees
McCarran Int’l Security Act (1950): required all communist groups to register with the govt

32. Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
Accused of passing secrets of the atomic bomb to USSR
Found guilty & executed

33. Joseph McCarthy Senator
Claimed there were 205 Communists in State Dept
Ruined careers
Brought down when he began to accuse members of US Army

34. Election of 1952 Dem: Adlai Stevenson Rep: Eisenhower
Nixon: Checkers Speech
Eisenhower & Republicans won control of Congress