Other experiments at LHC: LHCf, MoEDAL, Totem

Other experiments at LHC: LHCf, MoEDAL, Totem
Oscar Adriani Università degli Studi di Firenze INFN Sezione di Firenze

Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010
David(s) vs Goliath But also David(s) are able to do very good physics!!!! Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Nuclear Track Detector based experiment Detector is: Exposed Removed Off-line analyzed Totem LHCf MoEDAL ‘Traditional style’ particle physics detector Online DAQ system Located in the forward/very forward region Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

LHCf & Totem Dedicated forward/very forward experiments Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

How to access Forward/Very Forward Region at LHC?
Charged particles Beam pipe Neutral particles Surrounding the beam pipe far away from IP with detectors Simple way, but still miss very very forward particles Approach #1 used by Totem Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Charged particles Beam pipe Neutral particles Install detectors (movable!) inside the beam pipe very far away from the IP Challenging but ideal for charged particle Approach #2 used by Totem Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Charged particles Neutral particles Beam pipe Detectors can be installed where the single beam pipe splits In 2 separate beam pipes, 140 m away from the IP All neutral particle produced can be measured Approach used by LHCf (and in general by the others Zero Degree Calorimeters) Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Pseudo rapidity coverage at LHC
Pseudorapidity: h = - ln (tanq/2) Particle flow Energy flow All phase space covered thanks to dedicated forward detectors! And most of the energy is concentrated in the forward regions! Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Totem Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Totem experimental layout
T1: 3.1 < h < 4.7 T2: 5.3 < h < 6.5 T1 10.5m T2 CASTOR (CMS) 14m Roman m Roman m Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

T1 Telescope Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) 3.1 < || < 4.7 5 planes with measurement of three coordinates per plane,  ~ 1 mm Primary vertex reconstruction (beam-gas interaction removal) Trigger with anode wires Both arms are completely assembled and equipped in the test beam line H8. Successfully tested with pion and muon beams in May – June 2010 Both telescope arms not yet installed but ready for installation chamber frames ~3 m 1 arm ¼ of T1 strip wire 0.8  1.1 m Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

T2 Telescope Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) 5.3 < || < 6.5 m from IP5 Half-plane: 512 strips (width 80 µm, pitch of 400 µm), radial coordinate 65*24=1560 pads (2x2 mm2 -> 7x7 mm2), radial and azimuth coord. Resolution: (R) ~ 100 µm, () ~ 1° Primary vertex reconstruction (beam-gas interaction removal) Trigger using (super) pads All T2 chambers on both sides of IP5 installed and operational (data & trigger) 40 cm strips pads Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

T2: Preliminary h Distribution
(with detector efficiency) T2 h acceptance Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Roman Pots Measurement of very small proton scattering angles (few µrad) Vertical and horizontal pots mounted as close as possible to the beam BPM fixed to the structure gives precise position of the beam All 12 Roman Pots at ±220 m from IP5 are operational (data with active triggers) RP147 detector assemblies to be installed during next winter technical stop. Horizontal RP Vertical RP BPM HALF OF THE RP STATION Roman Pot 14 Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

RP alignment w.r.t. the Beam Centre
Alignment is the central problem of Roman Pot measurements: Done at 450 GeV on the 25th of June 2010 LHC collimation system produces sharp beam edges: used to align Roman Pots and to determine the centre of the beam same procedure as collimator setup When both top and bottom pots “feel” the edge: they are at the same number of sigmas from the beam centre as the collimator the beam centre is exactly in the middle between top and bottom pot Collimator cuts a sharp beam edge symmetrically to the centre RP approaches this edge until it scrapes … … producing spike in BLM downstream The second RP approaches Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Totem Physics plans Total cross-section Elastic Scattering b Diffraction: soft and hard Early physics plan ( ) Physics at s  7 TeV with low * (= m) optics: forward charge particles studies with T2 large |t| elastic scattering high mass SD & CD Physics at s  7 TeV with short * = 90 m runs: early measurement of 5-6 % elastic scattering in wider |t|range (|t| > GeV2) SD & any M classification of inelastic events: inelastic rates process dependent forward charged multiplicity Full physics plan TOTEM TOTpp with a precision ~ 1-2% Elastic pp scattering in the range 10-3 < |t| ~ (p)2 < 10 GeV2 Soft diffraction (SD and DPE) Particle flow in the forward region (cosmic ray MC validation/tuning) TOTEM & CMS Soft and hard diffraction in SD and DPE (production of jets, bosons, h.f.) Central exclusive particle production Low-x physics Particle and energy flow in the forward region Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

p-p Total Cross Section
T1&T2 RP Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Elastic scattering, exponential part
BSW b*=90m ∫Ldt= 0.3pb-1 exponential region 2x109 b* = 90 m 1.5x106 11m b* = 11 m b* = 2 m 4000 90m 500 30 1540m 1 0.3 High * optics needed to measure the total pp cross-section Early optics: b*=90m (un-squeezing of existing injection optics, |t| > 3  102 GeV2) Target optics: b*=1540m (difficult to have at the beginning – requires special injection optics) acceptance at very low |t| > 2  103 GeV2 Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

LHCf Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Experimental set-up INTERACTION POINT IP1 (ATLAS) Detector II Tungsten Scintillator Silicon mstrips Detector I Scintillating fibers 140 m Detectors installed in the TAN region, 140 m away from the Interaction Point 1 Here the beam pipe splits in 2 separate tubes. Charged particle are swept away by magnets Coverage up to h Charged particles Neutral particles Beam pipe Protons Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

The LHCf detectors Sampling and Position-measurement Calorimeters 25mm 32mm W (44 r.l , 1.7λI ) and Scintillator x 16 Layers 4 position measurement layers XY-SciFi(Arm1) and XY-Silicon strip(Arm#2) Each detector has two calorimetric towers, to allow the p0 reconstruction Expected Performance Energy resolution (> 100GeV) < 5% for photons 30% for neutrons Position resolution < 200μm (Arm#1) ~40μm (Arm#2) Arm2 The Arm#1 and Arm#2 , each detector has two sampling and imaging calorimeters. The each calorimeter are made of 44 r.l. tungsten layer and 16 scintillator layers and 4 position sensitive layers. The position sensitive layers of Arm#1 are made of XY pair of scintillating fiber bundles. The position sensitive layers of Arm#2 are made of XY silicon strip detectors. Two independent calorimeters allow to reconstruct neutral pion from pair photons. The energy resolution is less than 5% for photons with more than 100GeV and about 30 % for neutrons. The position resolution of Scintillating fibers in Arm1 is less than 200 um. And position resolution of silicon detectors in Arm2 is about 40um. Front Counter Thin scintillators 80x80mm2 to monitor beam condition. For background rejection of beam-residual gas collisions by coincidence analysis 40mm Arm1 20mm Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

ATLAS & LHCf Goliath David Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

HECR Open Issues AGASA Systematics Total ±18% Hadr Model ~10% (Takeda et al., 2003) M Nagano New Journal of Physics 11 (2009) Difference in the energy scale between different experiments??? The depth of the maximum of the shower Xmax in the atmosphere depends on energy and type of the primary particle Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Development of atmospheric showers
LHC Tevatron A 100 PeV fixed-target interaction with air has the cm energy of a pp collision at the LHC AUGER Cosmic ray spectrum Determination of E and mass of cosmic rays depends on description of primary UHE interaction Hadronic MC’s need tuning with data The dominant contribution to the energy flux is in the very forward region ( 0) In this forward region the highest energy available measurements of p0 cross section done by UA7 (E=1014eV, y= 5÷7) LHCf: use LHC √s = 14 TeVElab=1017eV to calibrate MCs AlessiaTricomi University and INFN Catania Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

What LHCf can measure? Energy spectra and transverse momentum distribution of g (E>100GeV,DE/E<5%) Neutral Hadrons (E> few 100 GeV, DE/E~30%) p0 (E>700GeV, DE/E<3%) in the pseudo-rapidity range h>8.4 γ π0 n Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

LHCf operation in 2009 & 2010 With Stable Beam at GeV 42 hours for physics ~100,000 showers events in Arm1&Arm2 With Stable Beam at TeV 150 hours for physics with different setups Vertical position Beam crossing angle ~4.108 showers events in Arm1&Arm2 ~106 p0 events in Arm1&Arm2 LHCf completed operation at 900GeV and 7TeV The detectors were removed from the LHC tunnel on 20/07/10 The detectors will be re-installed for operation at 7TeV+7TeV in 2013 after the upgrade of the detector for radiation improvement Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Impressive TeV Shower Longitudinal projections X Transverse projection Y Transverse projection Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Spectra at 900GeV Arm1 Gamma-ray like Hadron like preliminary preliminary Only statistical errors are shown Arm2 Hadron like Gamma-ray like preliminary preliminary Spectra are normalized by number of gamma-ray and hadron like events Detector response for hadrons and systematic errors (mainly absolute energy scale) are under study. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

p0 7 TeV An example of p0 event Measured p0 energy Arm2 preliminary Reconstructed Arm2 ΔM/M=2.3% p0’s are a main source of electromagnetic secondaries in high energy collisions. The mass peak is very useful to confirm the detector performances and to estimate the systematic error of energy scale. preliminary Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

h search p0 Candidates h Candidates preliminary h/p0 ratio vary a lot among different interaction models.  A good handle to probe the hadron interaction models Another calibration point for more robust energy scale Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Moedal Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Searching for Magnetic Monopoles
From the experimental point of view: Very highly ionizing particle! Extended search up to now done both at accelerators and in CR MM energy loss Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

MoEDAL: Monopole search at LHC: ppppMM
MoEDAL is located in the LHCb IP, covering the VELO cavern Plastic track edge detector based experiment mm Operating procedure: Expose the detector Remove it Chemical etching to create the etched cones Scan the etched plates searching for aligned holes, pointing to the IP (Dx~1cm) 25 m2 in total A test detector is already installed The full MoEDAL will be installed in the next LHC shutdown Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Physics Reach for MM Production
Drell-Yan cross-section for magnetic-monopole pair production at the LHC Exclusion curve for 10fb-1 (e x acceptance=30%) Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Conclusions Interesting physics cases can be studied also with ‘David like’ detectors optimized for specific measurements Totem: stot and Diffraction LHCf: MC tuning for Cosmic Rays experiments MoEDAL: Monopole search Full support from Cern and LHCCThanks! Nice physics results are already coming and more exciting ones will certainly come in the near future P.S: Please note: David and Goliath are not ennemies, but nice friends!!!!! Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Backup slides Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

LHCf : Monte Carlo discrimination @ <14 TeV
γ γ n n Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Particle Identification
A transition curve for Gamma-ray A transition curve for Hadron Thick for E.M. interaction (44X0) Thin for hadronic interaction(1.7l) Definition of L90% 20mm cal. of Arm1 MC (QGSJET2) Data Preliminary Gamma-ray like Gamma-rays: L90%<16 r.l x SdE Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Radiation Damage Studies
Scintillating fibers and scintillators Expected dose: 100 Gy/day at 1030 cm-2s-1 cm-2s-1: 10 kGy 50% light output Continous monitor and calibrationwith Laser system!!! The LHCf experiment at LHC ISVHECRI08, Paris 1-6 September 2008 1 kGy Alessia Tricomi University & INFN Catania 30 kGy Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Roman Pot detectors Thin window 0.150mm 0.5mm Beam Leading proton detection at distances down to 10×(beam) + d Need “edgeless” detectors that are efficient up to the physical edge to minimize “d” (beam) ≈ 0.10.6 mm (optics dep.) 10 planes of edgeless detectors Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Si Edgeless Detectors for RP
3.5 cm Planar technology with CTS (Current Terminating Structure) I2 I1 + - biasing ring Al p+ n+ cut edge current terminating ring SiO2 n-type bulk 50µm 66 μm pitch dead area 50 µm AC coupled microstrips made in planar technology with novel guard-ring design and biasing scheme Readout with VFAT chips Leakage current : 60 nA at 200 V (excellent) All produced Installation ongoing: RP220 (147) fully (partially) equipped by June 28/04/2009 Hubert Niewiadomski, TOTEM Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

RP 450 GeV Start with primary collimator at 4.9 s  beam edge at 4.9 s RP 4-5 (-220m) Near – 4.9s RP approach (in ≥100mm steps) Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) 221 m 225 m RP 4-5 (-220m) -4.9s RP trigger rate Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

A Single Track Event in RP
Near Far Top Horizontal Bottom transverse view Top Hor. Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

T2 7TeV Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010 44

LHC Optics Proton position at RP (x*, y*) is a function of position (x*, y*) and divergence (Qx*, Qy*) at IP: – momentum loss Beam size and beam divergence at IP5 and at RP spread of the primary vertex, beam size at RP beam divergence at IP5 limits the angle measurement precision Qx Proton acceptance is determined by optical functions, mainly Lx, Ly, Dx beam size sx, sy at RP internal LHC apertures proton IP5 RP det. RP IP5 measured reconstructed Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Combined uncertainty in tot
* = 90 m m Extrapolation of elastic cross-section to t = 0: ± 4 % ± 0.2 % (Smearing effects due to beam divergence, statistical errors, uncertainty of effective length Leff, RP alignment, model dependent deviations) Total elastic rate (strongly correlated with extrapolation): ± 2 % ± 0.1 % Total inelastic rate: ± 1 % ± 0.8 % (error dominated by Single Diffractive trigger losses) Error contribution from (1+2): ± 1.2 % Total uncertainty in tot : ± 5% ± 1÷2 % Total uncertainty in L : ± 7 % ± 2 % * = 90 m required for early tot measurement during the first year of LHC running at 7 TeV Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Inelastic event rate Ninel
T1&T2 + RP provide fully inclusive trigger: Primary vertex reconstruction to discriminate against beam-gas interactions TOTEM Trigger efficiency: SD: 82 %, NSD > 99 % Single Diffractive Trigger: Double Diffractive Central Diffractive Minimum Bias RP CMS RP T1/T2 p p 48 Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

TOTEM diffractive protons’ acceptance
5TeV, *= 3 m 7 TeV, *= 90 m 7 TeV, *= 1535 m Log(-) Log(-) Log(-) prelim. Log(-t/GeV2) Log(-t/GeV2) Log(-t/GeV2) low * low * : 0.5 – 2 m, L  1033 cm-2s-1 early running: E = 5TeV, * = 3 m elastic acceptance 2 GeV2 < -t < 10 GeV2 resolution () = 16 – 30 µrad () = 1 – 6  10-3 - > 2 % seen (hard) diffraction, high |t| elastic scattering * = 90 m L  1030 cm-2s-1 elastic acceptance 3  10-2 GeV2 < -ty < 10 GeV2 resolution () = 1.7 µrad () = 6 – 15  10-3 all  seen, universal optics diffraction, mid |t| elastic scattering, total cross-section * = 1535 m L  1028 – 1029 cm-2s-1 elastic acceptance 2  10-3 GeV2 < -ty < 0.5 GeV2 resolution () = 0.3 µrad () = 2 – 10  10-3 all  seen total cross-section, low |t| elastic scattering 28/04/2009 Hubert Niewiadomski, TOTEM Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Calibration of MoEDAL NTDs
Calibration is performed using heavy -ion beam MoEDAL NTDs have excellent charge resolution Calibration at high energy heavy-ions sources is preferred eg BNL, CERN But if these sources are unavailable low energy ion sources can be used eg: CHIBA Japan NeV/nucleon Low energy heavy-ion soures at University de Montreal The MoEDAL Collaboration has experience with both types of calibration Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Backgrounds The important background source are nuclei from spallation products from secondary interactions of particles produced in the primary interaction. Such interactions take place with nuclei in the material of the detector and the material surrounding and including the beam pipe. Interactions of the colliding beams with residual gas atoms in the beam pipe can also produce highly ionizing spallation products. The above sources of background are severely reduced in NTD arrays. Here is how: The two track resolution of NTDs is extremely good, of the order of 10μms. Reducing overlap buildup. The threshold of CR39, the most sensitive of the NTDs employed by MoEDAL - corresponds to a Z/ Use of different plastics with different thresholds - Makrofol has a factor of 100 smaller sensitivity to spallation background than CR39 The requirement of aligned etch pits in a several NTD sheets Track pointing to IP to an accuracy of ~1cm The different energy loss signature of the Monopole, or highly penetrating electrically charge particles, gives a clear distinction over a stopping spallation product Oscar Adriani Other experiments at LHC Toronto, August 27, 2010

Other experiments at LHC: LHCf, MoEDAL, Totem

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Other experiments at LHC: LHCf, MoEDAL, Totem

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