1. Industrial Revolution
Chapter 22
Sec 1

2. Origins Agricultural Revolution 1600’s Enclosure Movement Effects:
Before 1600’s:
1600’s Enclosure Movement
Fenced off plots or holdings combined later with larger, more efficient holdings
Effects:
Large land owners added to their holdings
Small-plot holders become tenant farmers
Common lands gone, individuals could do their own land experiments

3. Jethro Tull – invented seed drill to plant seeds in a straight row without all the waste
Crop rotation – Charles Townsend found out if you plant different crops in the fields, the soils could still rebuild its nutrients
Iron Plows replaced wooden ones
Plows with replaceable blades
Farm machines replaced laborers
Laborers moved to the cities

4. Industrial Revolution
Rapid industrial development
Great Britain had all the factors of production needed
LAND – natural resources
Coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors
LABOR – large population
CAPITAL – tools, machinery equipment, inventory, money

6. Textile Industry Cloth Higher population, higher demand
Mechanization – automatic machinery increases production quickly, more effectively
Each invention improved upon the previous invention to keep up with supply and demand

7. Factory system develops
Workers put in a certain number of hours per day at a fixed rate
Cloth needs cotton
Eli Whitney invents cotton gin
Takes out seeds from fiber of cotton to produce more
Increases slave labor

8. STEAM
More efficient because not all factories would need to be built buy a river
Steam more efficient
Iron couldn’t hold heat, steel could but making steel is expensive
Bessemer Process
Cheaper
Inject air into molten iron to clean impurities

10. Other Industrialization
Shoes, clothing, ammunition, furniture, printing, paper-making, lumber, food processing
Charles Goodyear –
Vulcanization, made rubber less sticky

11. Transportation Communication Stone roadways, canals
Robert Fulton – 1st profitable steamboat across Hudson River in New York
Travel across Atlantic in 17 days
Communication
Battery, Alessandro Volta
Samuel Morse – telegraph connected country

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14. Spread of Industry Great Britain – primed and pumped France – WARS
Germany – lacked strong central government until around 1870
United States
Strong central government
Rich natural resources
Increasing population/increasing market
Transcontinental Railroad

15. Section 2

16. Factory System Employers wanted people to do simple tasks
didn’t want skilled workers?
Women and children work for less pay

17. Wage System Varied based on supply and demand Factory work
The less demand, less pay
Factory work
Parliament passes laws to protect children
By 1915 in United States
Middle class emerges
Respected
Not nobility
politics

18. Women’s roles Come out of the house Women’s “jobs” emerge
Secretaries
Teachers
Switchboard operators
Higher education
All female colleges

19. Section 3--Capitalism
Capitalism – economic system in which individuals or corporations, rather than governments, control the factors of production
Commercial capitalism – merchants who bought and sold goods
Industrial capitalism – production and manufacturing of goods

20. Division of Labor
Division of Labor – divided manufacturing process into steps
Eli Whitney
Invented machines that made parts the same
Interchangeable parts
Assembly Line
System of producing large numbers of identical items
Different parts made elsewhere then brought together to produce in a plant/factory

21. Henry Ford – saw great potential in the assembly line
Corporations – groups formed by businesses and allowed people to buy stock
1901 – J.P. Morgan founded U.S. Steel Corporation
One of the first billion dollar corporations

22. Monopoly – corporations gained almost complete control of production or sale of a single good or service
Cartel – several corporations that combined to control every stage of entire industries
Business cycle – pattern of alternating periods of prosperity and decline

23. Section 4 – Living & Working Conditions
Economic Theories
Physiocrats believed natural laws should be left to govern economic life
Free-Enterprise
Economic forces worked automatically and naturally
Justified competition unrestricted by laws, regulations, or government controls

24. Laissez-Faire Buy labor as cheaply as possible
Government does not regulate the operations of business: HANDS OFF POLICY
French for “let it be” or “leave things alone”

25. Reformers
Humanitarians – people who work to improve the conditions of others
Urged reform
Utilitarianism – argued laws useful and therefore good
Greater happiness for the greatest number of people
People should be educated
Reform in justice and prison systems

26. Reform Laws Difficult to enforce Shorter works hours
Improved conditions
Children
Still allowed to work
Shortened number of hours
Difficult to enforce

27. Wages? Strikes Unions Collective Bargaining workers stop working
List of demands
Unions
Organized worker associations
Collect dues to pay workers when on strike
Collective Bargaining
Process of negotiation between companies and workers

28. Section 5: Socialism
In Socialism, governments own the means of production and operate for the benefit of all people, rich and poor
Laissez-faire/capitalism
Some very wealthy
Many remained poor
Some thought not the best form of government

29. Karl Marx Believed capitalist system should be destroyed
Friedrich Engels and Marx published
“The Communist Manifesto” – 1848
Said the working class (Proletariat) would have to seize power by force against capitalists and revolt
Communism – complete class-less society
Authoritarian Socialism
Democratic Socialism – people retain partial control over economic planning through election of government officials