1. Chapter 11, Section 1 Imperialism:Scramble for Africa

2. Setting the Stage
Imperialism – the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger power (mostly by industrialized European nations) in the 19th and 20th centuries to take advantage of raw materials and markets there which had the effect of the stronger nation dominating the political, economic, and social life of the weaker nation

3. Africa Before European Domination
Before European domination of Africa, it was divided politically, and by ethnic and linguistic groups and by religion (#1)
Though Europeans had contact with sub-Saharan Africans as early as the 1450s, the Europeans only held 10% of the continent by 1880 as powerful African armies kept them out (#2)

4. Africa Before European Domination
Europeans were kept out of the interior of Africa due to rivers that were not navigable and the threat of disease, until riverboats helped them move inland (#3)
Africans controlled their own trade networks in which different groups specialized in different products to trade with others (#4)

5. Nations Compete for Overseas Empires
Europeans who entered the interior of Africa were explorers, missionaries or humanitarians who wanted to end the slave trade
Their stories of adventure were spread through travel books and newspapers increasing interest in Africa (both #1)

6. The Congo Sparks Interest
A Christian missionary from Scotland named David Livingstone went missing in central Africa for several years but was found by newspaper reporter Henry Stanley (#1) (4)
Stanley’s stories about the Congo sparked King Leopold of Belgium to hire him to help his nation obtain land there (#2)

7. The Congo Sparks Interest
Leopold claimed he wanted the Congo to end the slave trade and to promote Christianity
Instead, Leopold licensed companies who profited off of Africa labor to collect sap from rubber trees, and 10 million Congolese died from their mistreatment by them (#3)
If villagers didn’t bring the quota of rubber required they had to pay the rest in severed hands

8. Forces Driving Imperialism
Belief in European Superiority
As European industrialized nations needed raw materials and markets they sought lands to control in Africa and other areas (#1)
Countries saw gaining colonies as a source of national pride and competed with other European nations to gain as many colonies as possible (#1)

9. Belief in European Superiority
Social Darwinism – use of Darwin’s theories of evolution and natural selection and applying them to human society, which led many Europeans to have racist beliefs that they were superior to other cultures
Missionaries pushed for European expansion as they thought it would “civilize” these people in foreign lands as they converted them to Christianity

10. Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa
Conquering malaria – the drug quinine allowed Europeans to enter the interior of Africa without fear of the disease (#3)
African disunity – the variety of African languages and cultures along with internal conflicts between them made Africans unable to unite against the threat of Europeans (#4)

11. Division of Africa
The scramble for Africa began in full by 1880 with the French now in West Africa and diamonds and gold discovered in South Africa (#1)
Berlin Conference – a meeting of 14 European nations in that set rules for the dividing of Africa into colonies so that they could avoid war between each other
Only Liberia and Ethiopia were the free nations by 1914

12. Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies
Africa provided raw materials and resources like tin, copper, diamonds, and gold, but did not buy European goods (#1)
Europeans set up cash crop plantations to grow peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber, which displaced food crops grown by farmers to feed their families (#2)

13. Three Groups Clash Over South Africa
Africans, Dutch and British competed for control of South Africa for about 100 years (#1)
Shaka – a Zulu chief who by 1816 had used highly disciplined warriors to create a large centralized state in South Africa
Shaka’s successors tried to keep his kingdom (trying to fight guns with spears) but valiantly lost a war and their land to the British in 1879 (#2)

14. Boers and British Settle in the Cape
Boers – the earliest Europeans to settle South Africa were these Dutch farmers who took land from the Africans and later clashed with the British over control of this region (#1) (4)
In the 1830s several thousand Boers began to move north to escape the British, but instead began fighting with the Africans land whose land they were taking (#2)

15. Chapter 11, Section 2 Imperialism Case Studies

16. A New Period of Imperialism
Europeans divided up Africa to get its resources with little consideration to the borders of political and ethnic groups (Setting the Stage)
Unlike in 15th and 16th century exploration along Africa’s coasts, in 18th and 19th century imperialism Europeans exerted economic, political, and social control over the entire continent (#1)

17. Forms of Control
To establish control over an area, Europeans used different forms of colonial control
Colony
Protectorate
Spheres of influence
Economic imperialism
(see chart on page 346)

18. Methods of Management: Indirect Control
European rulers used either indirect or direct methods of management for their colonies, which influenced the type of government they had later when independent (#1)
Indirect control – a method of management for a colony where local rulers handled much of the day to day administration of the colony but submitted to the authority of the colonial power
Governing councils under indirect control would train local leaders for when they governed themselves (#2)

19. Methods of Management: Direct Control
Paternalism – a policy that some Europeans used to govern colonies in a parental way by providing for their needs, but not giving them rights and not training local people to govern
Assimilation – a policy that the local populations of a colony would gradually over time adopt the culture of the governing colonial power
The French abandoned the ideal of assimilation and settled for “association,” which recognized African institutions and culture, but regarded them as inferior to French culture (#2)

20. Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance
Menelik II – emperor of Ethiopia who resisted European control and built up a large arsenal of modern weapons, which were then used to defeat an invading Italian force in 1896, making it the only African nation to remain independent during imperialism

21. Chapter 11section 3 EUROPEANS CLAIM MUSLIM LANDS

22. 1. Death of Suleyman I Succession of weak rulers Factions created
Corruption
Economic decline

23. 2. Rise of Nationalism
Inspired groups within the Ottoman Empire to fight for self rule

24. 3. Geopolitics
World Powers try to gain control of the Ottoman Empire because of it’s Geographic Location

26. 4. Construction of the Suez Canal
Egypt has idea…
Egypt can’t pay
Britain Finances
Britain occupies the canal and Egypt until 1882

27. Chapter 11 section 4 British Imperialism In India
KEY IDEA As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seized almost the whole subcontinent of India.

28. East India Company Dominates
In the early 1700s, the Mughal Empire of India fell into decline.
By the middle of the century, the British East India Company was becoming the most important power in India.

29. The East India Company
Set up in India to exploit the natural resources of the land.
Acted as a government in India. It raised an army and governed a large area of eastern India know today as Bangladesh, most of southern India and nearly all of the territory along the Ganges River in the north.

30. Jewel of the Crown
It held huge amounts of land—almost the entire subcontinent.
British law forced India to supply raw materials such as tea, indigo (a dye), coffee, and cotton.
The British set up restrictions that prevented the Indian economy from operating on its own. The law also forced Indian manufacturing out of business.

31. Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Chapter 11 Section 5

32. Main Idea
Demand for Asian products drove Western imperialists to seek possession of Southeast Asian lands.
Southeast Asian independence struggles in the 20th century have their roots in this period of imperialism.

33. Introduction
As the Europeans did in Africa, they rushed to divide up Southeast Asia.
These lands form part of the Pacific Rim (the countries that border the Pacific Ocean).
Western nations desired the Pacific Rim lands due to their strategic location along the sea route to China.

34. European Powers Invade the Pacific Rim
Early in the 18th century, the Dutch East India Company established control over most of the 3,000 mile long chain of Indonesian islands.
British established a trading port at Singapore.
France took over Indochina.
Germans claimed the Marshall Islands.

35. Agriculture
The lands of Southeast Asia were perfect for plantation agriculture.
As these products, such as coffee, bananas, and sugar cane, became more important, Europeans raced to claim the lands.

36. Dutch Expand Control
The Dutch added to their territory in southeast Asia.
They eventually gained control of present-day Indonesia (Dutch East Indies).
The Dutch treated Indonesia as their home.
They lived and worked there.
Dutch established a rigid class system.
Dutch  rich & educated Indonesians  plantation workers.
Farmers were forced to plant specified crops on 1/5 of their land.

37. British Take the Malayan Peninsula
The British take control of Singapore as a way to compete with the Dutch.
This served as a stop for their ships when traveling in the East.

38. French Control Indochina
The French took over Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
The combined states became known as French Indochina.
The French used direct colonial management.
They filled all important positions in the government.
They did not encourage local industry.
4x as much land was devoted to rice production.
Exported and not given to peasants.
Set the stage for Vietnamese resistance.